Buxoro muhandislik -texnologiya instituti alimova nozima english for non-philological specializations

Memorial - serving to preserve remembrance.
Spectacle - something exhibited to view as unusual, notable, or entertaining especially.
Thanksgiving - a public acknowledgment or celebration of divine goodness.
Tradition - the handing down of information, beliefs, or customs from one generation to another.
Universal - relating to or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group; applicable to all cases.
Vacation - a fixed holiday period between terms in universities and law courts.


Read the text and discuss with groups.

People throughout the world celebrate festivals and holidays. Some celebrations are almost universal, such as Christmas on December 25, while others are specific to a certain area, such as a country’s independence day. These special days are set aside to commemorate a historical or religious occasion, to provide thanks, or to simply have fun. (See also holidays and observances at a glance.)

Many countries have national holidays. Tradition or law has established certain days for the whole country to celebrate. For example, Bastille Day is celebrated on July 14 in France. Every year on that day the French celebrate the occasion of their freedom from royal tyranny in 1789 (see French Revolution). Likewise, Australian citizens celebrate Australia Day, which marks the anniversary of the first British establishment in the country, on January 26.
Festivals and holidays have been celebrated since ancient times. The earliest festivals seem to have been connected with offerings to the dead. Later, people celebrated the change of seasons with festivals. Planting time and harvest time were occasions for special rejoicing.
The festivals of the ancient Greeks and Romans were elaborate affairs. These sometimes included athletic games such as the Olympic Games of Greece, which were revived in modern times. The Romans celebrated Lupercalia in February and Saturnalia in mid-December. Dances and eating or drinking were mingled with pagan religious rites.
Many modern festivals and holidays originated in religious celebrations. These celebrations usually included sacred communal meals, from which term festivals, also called feasts, was derived. And the word holiday originally meant “holy day.” Holidays celebrating historic events and other occasions developed later.
Strictly speaking, the United States does not have national holidays. Congress and the president may declare legal public holidays only for the District of Columbia and, nationwide, for federal employees. Each state and territory decides for itself what days will be legal holidays within its borders. For example, several states have designated the traditional date of May 30 as Memorial Day, though some agencies in those states observe the legal holiday on the last Monday in May. A number of Southern states have set aside a Confederate Memorial Day, but the date of its observance takes place any time from April to June. In 1968 Congress passed a bill—effective in 1971—changing the days of observance of three existing legal holidays to Mondays and making Columbus Day a ninth legal holiday. The nine legal public holidays established by this bill were: New Year’s Day (January 1), Washington’s Birthday (third Monday in February), Memorial Day (last Monday in May), Independence Day (July 4), Labor Day (first Monday in September), Columbus Day (second Monday in October), Veterans Day (fourth Monday in November), Thanksgiving (fourth Thursday in November), and Christmas (December 25). Beginning in 1978, the government moved the observance of Veterans Day back to November 11, which was originally Armistice Day. In 1986 the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., became the tenth legal holiday (third Monday in January).
Sunday is the only holiday under common law. When a legal holiday falls on Sunday, the holiday is observed on the following day.²⁵

Listen to the link below and answer the questions.

https://6a63fca904fd268f15f7-d5770ffdd579eb31eaa89faeffc55fe7.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/LE_listening_B2_Film_reviews.mp3

Listen to the film reviews to practice and improve your listening skills.