C Transliteration

d) A, b, c
10. is the replacement of a simple sentence in the source text with a complex sentence (with some clauses), or a complex sentence with several independent sentences in the target text for structural, semantic or stylistic reasons.
a) Sentence partitioning
b) Sentence integration
c) Substitution
d)compensation

What is expansion in translation? Explain with some examples! (15 points)

EXPANSION
Contrary to reduction, the expansion technique involves adding more words to express the source text meaning the best. Sometimes, without amplification or expansion, the meaning can’t be conveyed since there might be differences structurally, grammatically, and semantically between the source and target languages. However, professional translators shouldn’t use it gratuitously; they should know the best time. For example, the English word “Penalty” should be translated to “tir de réparation” in French.

What is language lacuna? How is it connected to translation? (15 points)

Language is formed under the influence of many factors. That is why every language is unique. This explains the presence of specific words in some cultures, which are absent from others. That’s what is called “lacuna”
The easiest way to understand the meaning of language lacuna is by specific examples. Thus, the term "hugge" has become incredibly popular recently. In Denmark, this word means a feeling of comfort and happiness in a homely cozy environment. The term was unmodified to other countries whose languages did not have a similar concept.
Or another option. In Finnish, there is the word Kalsarikännit. With one capacious term, Finns can convey what they feel when they "are going to sit at home in their underwear and get drunk without the intention of going anywhere".
These examples show that when faced with words that are not analogous in another language, it is necessary to be creatively savvy. In this case, you should forget the translation rule “as close to the text as possible”, because it doesn't work here.
Lacuna is a significant barrier to mutual understanding between different cultures. Here comes to help a competent translator. He transfers lacunae from the original text to a completely different linguistic and, moreover, sociocultural, environment.

Overcoming translation difficulties is called “lacuna elimination”. It is carried out in two main ways:

1. Filling. In this case, a certain concept that belongs to a different culture is revealed.
Fillings can have different depths. It depends on the type of text, the characteristics of the recipient and the nature of the lacuna itself.
2. Compensation. In this way, the lacuna is fixed, such way begins the elimination stage of the lacuna. In the future, it may be followed by the filling of the resulting semantic emptiness.
But it is not necessary. If such filling does not occur, there is a dissected description of a concept related to a different culture.

Task 4. Translate the text into Uzbek/Russian using appropriate translation techniques you learned throughout the course. (50 points)

For a century and a half, tea remained an expensive drink; many employers served a cup of it to their workers in the middle of the morning, thus inventing a lasting British institution, the "tea break"; but as a social drink outside the workplace, tea was reserved for the nobility and for the growing middle classes. Among those who had the means, it became very popular as a drink to be enjoyed in cafés and "tea gardens". It was the 7th Duchess of Bedford who, in around 1800, started the popular fashion of "afternoon tea", a ceremony taking place at about four o'clock. Until then, people did not usually eat or drink anything between lunch and dinner. At approximately the same time, the Earl of Sandwich popularised a new way of eating bread — in thin slices, with something (e.g. jam or cucumbers) between them, and before long, a small meal at the end of the afternoon, involving tea and sandwiches had become part of a way of life. As tea became much cheaper during the nineteenth century, its popularity spread right through British society, and before long, it had become Britain's favourite drink — promoted by the Victorians as an economical, warming, stimulating non-alcoholic drink. In working-class households, it was served with the main meal of the day, eaten when workers returned home after a day's labour. This meal has become known as "high tea". Today, tea can be drunk at any time of day. The large majority of people in Britain drink tea for breakfast: the mid-morning "tea break" is an institution in British offices and factories (though some people prefer coffee at this time of day); and for anyone working outdoors, a thermos of tea is almost an essential part of the day's equipment.
Bir yarim asr davomida choy qimmatbaho ichimlik sifatida o’z o’rnini saqlab qoldi; ko'plab ish beruvchilar ertalab o'z ishchilariga bir payoladan choy tarqatishardi va shu tariqa Britaniya tashkilotlariga - "choy payti" ni ixtiro qilishdi; lekin ish joyidan tashqarida ijtimoiy ichimlik sifatida choy faqat zodagonlar va o'sib borayotgan o'rta tabaqa vakillari uchunligicha qoldi. Imkoniyatga ega bo'lganlar orasida esa u kafe va "choy bog'lari" da zavq bilan ichimladigan ichimlik mashhur nom qozondi. taxminan 1800 yilda, Bedfordning 7-gersoginyasi soat to'rtlarda bo'lib o'tdadigan mashxur "peshin choy" marosimini boshlabberdi. O'sha vaqtgacha odamlar odatda tushlik va kechki ovqat oralig'ida hech narsa yemasdilar yoki ichmasdilar. Taxminan bir vaqtning o'zida, Sendvich grafi nonni yupqa bo'laklarga bo'lib, ularning orasiga biror narsa (masalan, murabbo yoki bodring) qo'yish va ko'p o'tmay, tushdan keyin choy va choy bilan kichik ovqatni iste'mol qilishning yangi usulini ommalashtirdi. Shu tariqa choy va sendvichlar hayot tarzining bir qismiga aylandi. O'n to'qqizinchi asrda choy ancha arzonlashgani sababli, uning mashhurligi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri butun Britaniya bo’ylab tarqaldi va Viktoriyaliklar tomonidan tejamkor, issiq va alkogolsiz ichimlik sifatida ilgari surilgan choy ko'p o'tmay Britaniyaning eng sevimli ichimlikiga aylandi. Ishchilar sinfida esa u kunning asosiy taomi bilan birga, ishchilar kunlik mehnat faoliyatidan uyga qaytganlarida iste'mol qilingan. Bu taom "Taom va choy" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi. Bugungi kunda choyni kunning istalgan vaqtida ichish mumkin. Britaniyada aholining katta qismi nonushta qilish uchun choy ichishadi: ertalabki "choy payti" da, garchi ba'zi odamlar kunning buu vaqtida qahvani afzal ko'rishsa ham, Britaniya tashkilot va idoralari yoki ochiq havoda ishlaydigan har bir kishi uchun termos kunning eng muhim jihoziga aylanadi.