Calvinist uprising in Aug. 1566 ruthlessly put down by Duke of Alva by 1568

Calvinist uprising in Aug. 1566 ruthlessly put down by Duke of Alva by 1568

• Calvinist uprising in Aug. 1566 ruthlessly put down by Duke of Alva by 1568

• 17 provinces unite under William the Silent, Prince of Orange, in 1576

• Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, reconquered southern 10 provinces

• Northern 7 provinces form Union of Utrecht in 1579; declare independence as the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1581

Elizabeth turned down offer of Dutch crown, but gave them money & troops

• Elizabeth turned down offer of Dutch crown, but gave them money & troops

• Philip plotted with Mary Queen of Scots

• Plot discovered & Mary executed in Feb. 1587
• Pope Sixtus V offered Philip 1 million gold ducats to conquer England & avenge Mary

• Spanish Armada defeated in English Channel in 1588

• Marks beginning of Spain’s decline
• Marks beginning of rise of Dutch & English empires
• Leads to the est. of North American colonies

Dutch East India Co. hired Henry Hudson in 1609 to find northern passage around Asia

• Dutch East India Co. hired Henry Hudson in 1609 to find northern passage around Asia

• Half Moon forced to turn back by ice, so sailed across Atlantic instead

• Discovered Delaware Bay, then sailed up river named after him (Sept. 3 – Oct. 4, 1609)

• Captured by English on return voyage & sailed next year for them, but marooned in Bay

Dutch merchants began to tap into fur trade

• Dutch merchants began to tap into fur trade

• Adriaen Block explored Long Island Sound & Conn. River

• New Netherland Co. created in 1614 & est. Ft. Nassau

• Dutch West India Co. formed in 1621 & took over colonization

• Ft. Good Hope (Hartford, Conn.)
• Ft. Orange (Albany)
• High Island (Trenton, N.J.)

• New Amsterdam est. in 1625

Charter of Privileges & Exemptions (1629) allowed directors who planted 50 colonists in 4 years to govern large estates (patroonships) autonomously

• Charter of Privileges & Exemptions (1629) allowed directors who planted 50 colonists in 4 years to govern large estates (patroonships) autonomously

• Only Renesselaerswyk was successful
• Couldn’t recreate European social order & manage estates long-distance

• 1639 - all people to participate in fur trade

• doubled population from 1,000 to 2,000

• Relations with “Wilden” soured by daily provocations & culture clashes

Peter Stuyvesant became governor in 1647

• Peter Stuyvesant became governor in 1647

• Settled Conn. Boundary & conquered Swedish colony to the south
• Clashed with local elites

• King Charles II granted land to his brother James, Duke of York & Albany

• Stuyvesant forced to surrender to English in 1664 without a fight

• New Netherlands & New Amsterdam became New York, and Ft. Orange became Albany

Jacques Cartier explored America 1536-42

• Jacques Cartier explored America 1536-42

• Planted cross on Gaspé Peninsula in 1534
• Visited Stadacona (Quebec) & Hochelaga (Montreal) in 1535-36
• Est. short-lived colony of "Charlesbourg- Royal," near Stadacona, 1541-42.
• Turmoil in France prevented follow-up

• Samuel de Champlain made several voyages beginning in 1603

• Helped est. settlements at Ste. Croix & Port Royal
• Founded first permanent French settlement at Quebec in 1608
• Allied with Hurons against Iriquois

Company of New France (100 Associates) owned colony, 1627-1663

• Company of New France (100 Associates) owned colony, 1627-1663

• Became royal colony in 1663, with Jean-Baptiste Talon as superintendant

• Father Jacques Marquette & Louis Jolliet explored Great Lakes & upper Mississippi valley in 1673

• René-Robert Cavalier, Sieur de La Salle, sailed down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico in 1679-82

Population grew slowly

• Population grew slowly

• 1663: 3,050; 1700: 15,000
• Partly because King Louis XIV refused to allow Huguenots to settle there

• Dependent on Indian allies, so tended to treat them better than English & Spanish did