Canadian French: [kanadɑ] is a country located in the

parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 2015 
election: the Liberal Party who currently form the government, the 
Conservative Party who are the Official Opposition, the New Democratic 
Party, the 
Bloc Québécois, and the Green Party of Canada.
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Canada has a parliamentary system within the context of a constitutional 
monarchy, the monarchy of Canada being the foundation of the 
executive, legislative, 
and judicialbranches.
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 The 
Canadian 
monarchy is a separate legal institution from the monarchy of the United 
Kingdom, though the two offices are held by the same individual.
[138]
The 
sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who is also monarch of 15 other 
Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's 10 provinces. As such, the 
Queen's representative, theGovernor General of Canada (at present Julie 
Payette), carries out most of the federal royal duties in Canada.
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The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in areas of 
governance is limited.
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 In practice, their use of the executive powers 
is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible 
to the elected House of Commons of Canada and chosen and headed by 
the Prime Minister of Canada (at present Justin Trudeau),
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 the head of 
government. The governor general or monarch may, though, in certain crisis 
situations exercise their power without ministerial advice.
[141]
 To ensure the 
stability of government, the governor general will usually appoint as prime 
minister the person who is the current leader of the political party that can 
obtain the confidence of a plurality in the House of Commons.
[144]
 The Prime 
Minister's Office (PMO) is thus one of the most powerful institutions in 
government, initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and 
selecting for appointment by the Crown, besides the aforementioned, the 
governor general, lieutenant governors, senators, federal court judges, and 
heads of Crown corporations and government agencies.
[141]
 The leader of the