Carbon reclamation from biogas plant flue gas for immobilizing lead and neutralizing alkalis in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash
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- 4. Conclusions
Table 1
Element composition of raw and carbonated FA samples measured by XRF. Element type Ca (wt.%) Cl (wt.%) K (wt.%) Na (wt.%) Si (wt.%) Fe (wt.%) Al (wt.%) Mg (wt.%) Pb (wt.%) Cu (wt.%) Cd (wt.%) Cr (wt.%) Uncarbonated FA 42.21 32.31 7.85 7.84 2.12 0.69 0.52 0.43 0.19 0.06 0.02 0.01 4.5 h carbonated FA 46.61 32.06 7.73 4.52 1.30 1.16 0.40 0.39 0.35 0.07 0.03 0.02 Z. Zhu et al. Chemical Engineering Journal 435 (2022) 134812 8 recently, namely carbon emission reduction. 3.5.2. Economic analysis The determination of carbonation cost in this study was critical, directly affected the economic effectiveness of future application. Some preconditions should be noted firstly. All the flue gas utilized in this study was free. Besides, the operating cost mainly covered two aspects: equipment and electric charge. The establishment of the entire device cost approximately 1900 yuan. The electricity price for industrial uses in Shanghai was set at 0.65 yuan/KWh, while the power of agitator was 100 W. This section took the mixture of LM-CA and TJ-CA as an example. For the direct agent treatment, it needs the chelation with at least 5% LM-CA (cost: 5340 yuan/t) and 2% TJ-CA (cost: 9520 yuan/t) while reaching the leaching standard of Pb. The corresponding agent expense was calculated as 457 yuan/t MSWI-FA . Under the assistance with carbonation, Pb leaching in the mixture group fell below the limiting value at 2 h. Regardless of the time cost, 432 yuan/t MSWI-FA was the total amount of agent and electric bill, indicated that the excess expenditure of carbonation device would be filled up after 76 t MSWI-FA treatment. After that, a cost reduction of 5.5% would be expected in this study compared to the group directly treated by agent. 4. Conclusions Accelerated carbonation based on actual incineration flue gas from biogas plant was firstly applied to the co-treatment of excessive Pb and alkalis leaching in MSWI-FA. The carbonation process could effectively immobilize Pb in raw FA as well as inorganic and organic agent pre- treated FA, with a rate of 58.99%–95.66%. The carbonation effect on Pb almost maximized at 3 h. After 4.5 h carbonation, the percentage of bound to carbonate fraction increased by 4.3%–31.2%, while the un- stable exchangeable fraction tended to zero. The above could be attributed to the formation of CaCO 3 boundary layer and Pb carbonates, which simultaneously reduced the Pb leaching correlated with pH, and the leaching pH to standard-satisfied 8.80. Moreover, the targets of carbon reduction and greater benefit could be realized during the carbonation of MSWI-FA, with a CO 2 capture capacity of 0.13 g CO2 / g MSWI-FA and an operation cost reduction of 5.5%. Verifying the feasi- bility of flue gas carbonation in large-scale application is required for the following study. Download 2.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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