Challenges of teaching speaking to general school pupils

Glossary

1. 
   Brainstorming – a group problem-solving technique that involves the spontaneous contribution of ideas from all members of the group, also the mulling over of ideas by one or more individuals in attempt to devise or find a solution to a problem.
   
2. 
   Communicative competence – refers to a learner’s ability to use language to communicate successfully. Communicative competence encompases a language user’s grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.
   
3. 
   Critical thinking – is a kind of thinking in which you question, analyse, interpret, evaluate and make a judgement about what you read, hear , say, or write.
   
4. 
   Discussion - the action or process of talking about something in order to reach a decision or to exchange ideas. A conversation or debate about a specific topic.
   
5. 
   EFL – English foreign language learners.
   
6. 
   External problems – antagonism, or struggle that takes place between a character and an outside force.
   
7. 
   Incompetence – inability to do something successfully; ineptitude. Lack of ability to do something good or as it should be done.
   
8. 
   Information gap - activity is an activity where learners are missing the information they need to complete a task and need to talk to each other to find it. For example Learner A has a biography of a famous person with all the place names missing, whilst Learner B has the the same text with all the dates missing.
   
9. 
   Inhibition – refers to a temperamental tendency to display wariness, fearfulness, or restrain in response to unfamiliar people, objects, and situations.
   
10. 
    Internal problems - known as individual difference factors, are composed of learner’s age, attitude, personality, motivation, and first language proficiency, and the like. While external factors, so-called social, economic, cultural, and technological environment.
    
11. 
    Motivation – is the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes person to act.
    
12. 
    Role play – the act of imitiating the character and behavior of someone who is different from yourself, for example as a training exercise.
    
13. 
    Storytelling – is the interactive art of using words and actions to reveal the elements and images of a story while encouraging the listener’s imagination.
    
14. 
    Substantial anxiety – is characterized by feelings of apprehension and physiological responses such as increased heart rate. It is believed that anxiety can have negative impacts that may result in physiological and behavioral symptoms in learners.
    
15. 
    Task based learning – is an approach to language learning where learners are given to complete.