Chapter · September 015 doi: 10. 1201/b18973-33 citations 11 reads 3,065 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects
particular area in time and decide whether or not to
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1.2.101-RENEW20142015-219-NSCGS
particular area in time and decide whether or not to 225 Figure 7. Wind Speed frequency of occurrence according to the Beaufort Wind Scale at S. Pedro de Moel (2009–2013). Figure 8. Boxplots representing the annual variability of 80 m winds at Aguçadoura. build turbines at the proposed sites. Figures 8 and 9 show whiskers box plots for the two regions repre- senting the annual variability of the coastal winds at 80 m height. The center of each box represents the 50th percentile of the data set and is derived using the lower 25 percentile and upper 75 percentile val- ues (upper and lower edges of the box). The median value is displayed inside the box by the red line. The maximum and minimum values are displayed with vertical lines connecting the points to the center box, along with the outliers represented herein by the red marker “+”. Inspection of the wind annual variabil- ity at Aguçadoura (Figure 8) allows concluding that though some wind speed variations can be observed, the inter-annual variability is not significate and no trends can be detected. This behavior is common to S Pedro de Moel (Figure 9). The largest variabil- ity occurs in 2013, for both areas, characterized by higher median and maximum winds. The minimum Figure 9. Boxplots representing the annual variability of 80 m winds at S. Pedro de Moel. wind speed does not suffer major changes through- out the years and is close to 0 m/s for both regions. On the other hand, the maximum wind speeds have a higher variability through the years. The median wind speed fluctuates between 6.5 and 8.5 m/s at S. Pedro de Moel and Aguçadoura though the latter is charac- terized by higher maximum winds and a distribution spread over a larger range of values. Although this is just an exploratory analysis to provide a comple- mentary supplement to the wind time series analysis, it can be concluded that the temporal variability of wind speed not large. Still these small deviations are much amplified when considering power density and therefore within this context they are more significant and need to be accounted for in subsequent analyzes. Therefore, yearly power outputs are normalized to the long term mean in order to study the intra-annual vari- ability of the power production. Figures 10 and 11 show the normalized annual power production from 2009 to 2013 if wind turbines were implemented at the pilot zones of Aguçadoura and S. Pedro de Moel. As it can be observed the small variations of the annual wind speed led to wind power variations up to 30%. The larger deviations observed for both sites in the whiskers box plot occurred in the years of 2012 and 2013 and led to shifts from 85% to 116% of the annual power production. Although these plots provide preliminary informa- tion of the wind power variations due to wind speed variability, further analysis on this topic is a matter of extreme importance for the purposes of engineering risk assessment. 4 CONCLUSIONS In the present work, the wind produced by the numer- ical mesoscale model WRF is evaluated and validated using different types of observations to cover both coastal and inland regions. The performance of the WRF model at the grid points corresponding to the 5 226 Figure 10. Normalized annual power production from 2009 to 2013 at Aguçadoura. Figure 11. Normalized annual power production from 2004 to 2013 at S. Pedro de Moel. buoy positions is evaluated through a statistical analy- sis of 4 statistical parameters. The results show a good agreement between simulations and observations at both heights, with correlations around 80% and bias lower than 1 m/s. Inland, the model has also proved to be an effective tool in capturing the annual local wind flow although slightly less efficiently which can be explained by the higher terrain complexity and turbulence effects that occur inland. Taking this information into consideration, the sec- ond part of the present study consists of using the simulated winds at 80m height to predict the power output that can be generated within the study area. Six test sites for wind turbine implementation are studied in detail yet particular emphasis is given to the two Portuguese pilot test areas located at Aguçadoura and S. Pedro de Moel. The maps show that most coastal areas are characterized by wind power densities of class 4 and above indicating that high amounts of energy are available for extraction by wind harnessing devices. The wind power is higher in the Northern regions Download 448.58 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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