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- Chapter · September 2015 DOI: 10.1201/b18973-33 CITATIONS 11 READS 3,065 2 authors
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282358818 Offshore wind energy assessment for the Iberian coast with a regional atmospheric model Chapter · September 2015 DOI: 10.1201/b18973-33 CITATIONS 11 READS 3,065 2 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Modelling Uncertainty and Variability View project Variable geometry Wave Energy Conversion system for floating platforms (PTDC/EME-REN/0242/2020). View project Nadia Salvacao Technical University of Lisbon 19 PUBLICATIONS 366 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Carlos Guedes Soares University of Lisbon 2,688 PUBLICATIONS 49,764 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Carlos Guedes Soares on 12 October 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Renewable Energies Offshore – Guedes Soares (Ed.) © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN: 978-1-138-02871-5 Offshore wind energy assessment for the Iberian coast with a regional atmospheric model N. Salvação & C. Guedes Soares Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal ABSTRACT: This paper determines the offshore wind power resources off the Iberian coast using 5 years of high resolution winds produced with the mesoscale atmospheric model WRF. The results from the numerical simulations are compared against hourly wind observations to provide an objective verification of whether the model is able to reproduce realist wind circulation patterns within the study area. Moreover, the wind speed frequency distribution is used to calculate the annual energy production at each of five hypothetical locations for wind turbine installation, based on the specifications of a Vestas V80 wind turbine. The results show that the model is able to produce realistic offshore wind climatologies making it a reliable and powerful tool for building wind resource maps. Moreover, on the basis of the assumptions made and the turbine type selected, it can be concluded that a high potential for offshore wind energy harnessing is available in the Portuguese and Northern Spain coasts. 1 INTRODUCTION Given the recent concerns over climate change and the increase of energy demand, a consequent search for alternative forms of renewable energies arises as one of the many policies that tackle the emissions problem (Kyoto Protocol). Renewable energies such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectricity and tidal energy are sustainable resources that never run out and therefore represent viable alternatives to finite resources like fossil fuels (Islam et al., 2013). Portugal promotes energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy sources and is fast becoming a leading country in terms of renewable energy genera- tion capacity. In the first five months of 2013 around 75 per cent of electricity generation was covered by renewable energies according to the Portuguese Renewable Energy Association. Furthermore renew- able energies accounted for a total of 58.3% of the country’s electricity generation in 2013. Among the several methods available to harness energy, wind has become one of the world’s fastest growing renewable energy with Portugal as one of the leading European countries in terms of wind power penetration. Onshore wind already plays a leading role in the generation of renewable electricity and by the end of 2013 it represented a share of 23% of the total electricity consumption. Portugal and Spain had, by the end of 2013, 4.724 MW and 22.959 MW of installed capacity respectively, generated by onshore structures and along this year 196 and 175 MW was installed for Portugal and Spain, respectively (The European Wind Energy Association, 2014). Despite the leading role of onshore structures in the total renewable electricity generation, it is likely that offshore wind power will increase more than the onshore sector mainly due to its practicality and fewer constraints such as the lack of space inland, the minor impact in the environment and the government support in some countries. Also, the longer distance from the coast has less effect on humans and the wind speeds are usually higher and more uniform due to less tur- bulence effects. In fact, in 2013 the onshore market decreased in the EU by 12%, whilst offshore installa- tions grew by 34%. In addition, the possibility to use floating platforms, a technology still in development, overcomes the present restrictions of the depth of the seabed allowing installing foundations at larger dis- tances from the coast. Portugal’s first offshore wind turbine in Aguçadoura is installed on a floating foun- dation, and is equipped with a Vestas V80 wind turbine with 2 MW of rated power. One year after its installa- tion was concluded, the system had already produced 3 GWh of energy. The system is moored in water depths of slightly less than 50 meters, 5 km off the coast of Aguçadoura. Although floating wind turbines will be essential in unlocking the offshore wind resource in deeper waters, still, the average water depth of wind farms is around 20 meters, and the average distance to shore 30 km. For the stated reasons, wind resource assess- ment in offshore coastal areas is a subject of extreme 219 importance in order to build accurate and trustworthy wind resource maps (Nunalee and Basu, 2014). There is a wide variety of methods for address- ing wind resource potential of a specific site. Wind measures may be obtained from meteorological sta- tions, reanalysis datasets, satellite data or numerical prediction models. Wind stations are mostly located inland and often sparsely located and therefore not suitable for offshore wind assessment. Conversely, satellite data has been widely used for building off- shore wind climatology maps (Hasager et al., 2015) and constitutes a good alternative due to the higher spatial coverage. Despite all advantages, satellite data it is often noisy near coastal areas due to land con- tamination hampering an accurate wind assessment in coastal regions. For the stated reasons the use of numerical models constitutes a powerful tool due to the high temporal and spatial resolution and the possi- bility to obtain wind speeds and directions at different heights. The present study aims to build a wind resource map for the Iberian coast using winds obtained from a numerical weather prediction model. Among the broad spectrum of available models, the Weather research and forecast model (WRF) is a freeware model that has proved to be an efficient tool for wind resource assessment studies (Carvalho et al., 2014), and for these reason will be used to conduct the simulations. The time span of the simulation is 5 years (2009–2013) and covers the Iberian Peninsula coast and part of the West Atlantic Ocean. Previous studies have already demonstrated that the Iberian coast offers favor- able conditions for building wind harnessing devices. (Salvação et al., 2013, Salvação et al., 2014a) and that the model represents an added value over using winds from coarser resolution datasets such as global models or reanalysis data. Moreover, the added value of using WRF is higher in the case of simulations in coastal areas (Salvação et al., 2014b). As near shore is usually the preferable location for the construction of wind harnessing devices, it is of utmost importance that the model is able to represent the coastal environment and the small scale circulation with a high degree of suc- cess. Therefore, coastal winds obtained from the model are validated using measures obtained from marine offshore buoys. Afterwards, a wind turbine model is used to calculate the amount of energy that can be extracted at specific locations, as well as the number of full load hours of a wind turbine to be implemented at these sites. For this purpose of this work the VES- TAS V80 wind turbine with 2 MW of rated power and a hub height of 80 m is the offshore wind turbine model considered. In addition, the energetic potential of five regions along the Portugal and Northern Spain coasts is thoroughly analyzed through a quantitative analy- sis of the amount of power that can be produced if wind turbines were built at these sites. In addition, the wind speed frequency of occurrence divided into bins according to the Beaufort scale is calculated and ana- lyzed. Finally, the intra-annual variability of the winds is estimated in order to verify possible trends in the Table 1. Specifications of the WRF domains and physical parameterizations. Horizontal Resolution (km) 9 Grid Dimension 96 × 148 Vertical Grid dimension 47 eta levels Terrain Resolution 5 min Radiation CAM scheme for both short and long wave radiation PBL Physics Yonsei University scheme Microphysics WRF Single-Moment 6-class scheme Cumulus Kain-Fritsch scheme wind circulation pattern. The results are discussed in detail on the final part of the work. 2 DATA AND METHODS 2.1 Download 448.58 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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