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1.2.101-RENEW20142015-219-NSCGS
Validation of coastal winds
Before the model can be used as a trustworthy tool for building wind resource maps, a validation process has to be undertaken. Thus it is necessary to check the model consistency at both heights before it can be used as a trustworthy tool for building wind resource maps. The validation of coastal waters is of most importance since most wind turbines are usually placed near shore. In addition, the satellite data is usually noisy due to land contamination near coastal areas and therefore the buoys constitute important tools for near shore wind validation. The statistical analysis is carried out through the evaluation of four statistical parameters: bias, Pierson correlation coefficient (r), root mean squared error (RMSE) and the standard deviation (stde). These parameters can be defined by the following relation- ships: where M i represents the measured values, S i the sim- ulated values, is the mean of the measured values, is 221 Table 3. Statistical evaluation of wind simulations in coastal waters at 10 m height. 2009–2013 bias RMSE R Stde Cabo Peñas 0.61 2.33 0.81 2.25 Cabo Silleiro 0.58 2.05 0.86 1.97 Estaca Bares 0.45 1.89 0.87 1.84 Golfo Cadiz − 0.05 1.92 0.82 1.92 Villano Sisargas 0.57 1.94 0.89 1.85 Table 4. Statistical evaluation of wind simulations in coastal waters at 80 m height. 2009–2013 bias RMSE R Stde Cabo Peñas 0.28 2.89 0.79 2.88 Cabo Silleiro 0.14 2.58 0.84 2.57 Estaca Bares − 0.06 2.39 0.85 2.39 Golfo Cadiz − 0.51 2.56 0.80 2.50 Villano Sisargas 0.03 2.38 0.88 2.38 Table 5. Statistical evaluation of wind simulations in land at 80 m height for the 10 year period. Station bias RMSE R Stde Gago Coutinho − 0.31 2.22 0.73 2.20 the mean of the simulated values, and n the number of observations. The wind speed at turbine hub height of 80 m is computed over the entire nested domain area by performing a vertical interpolation between adjacent WRF sigma-half levels using a post processing tool. To compare the different datasets, wind speed measures provided by the oceanographic buoys are adjusted to a 10 m and 80 m height, thus keeping the consistency with the model output. Inland, the winds at 80 m are compared to radio sounding measures at the same height from a station located in Gago Coutinho (Latitude = 38.76, Longitude = −9.13). The winds from the model dataset are calculated at the corresponding model grid points closest to the buoys and station sites, using a nearest neighbor interpolation technique. The results of the statistical evaluation for coastal waters winds at 10 and 80 m height are summarized in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. Table 5 shows the results of the statistical evaluation of wind simulations inland at 80 m height for the 5 year period. All statistical results are with respect to the 5 year period. With respect to coastal waters, the results from Table 4 indicate that the model is able to represent the surface wind pattern with a high degree of suc- cess. With concern to the 10 m height analysis, there is a slight overestimation by the model as the positive bias indicates except in Golfo de Cadiz where a small underestimation by the model takes place. Notwith- standing, the lowest bias is obtained for Golfo de Cadiz. Overall, model simulations for Estaca de Bares are the ones closest to the measurements in terms of bias, RMSE, STDE and R. Although the buoys are placed at distant grid points, the statistical results are similar for the 5 buoys evidencing that the model is able to capture the distinct characteristics of each region. At 80 m height the results are similar despite a slightly lower performance in terms of RMSE, Stde and R, counterbalanced by a lower bias. Inland, the the model underestimates the true wind speed by (−0.31 m/s) but is able to represent the local wind char- acteristics efficiently. In general, the model had a better performance for coastal waters, with lower values of Stde, RMSE and bias and higher correlation coeffi- cients which could be explained by less turbulence offshore due to the topography and lack of obstacles. Although the results can be considered good, an insufficient model resolution regarding the complexity of the coastal topography together with extrapolation errors could influence the model results near the shore- line and be the cause of the observed discrepancies. 3 WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT 3.1 Download 448.58 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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