Chapter · September 015 doi: 10. 1201/b18973-33 citations 11 reads 3,065 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects
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1.2.101-RENEW20142015-219-NSCGS
Model description and configuration
The WRF model is a last generation mesoscale model with both forecasting and atmospheric research capa- bilities. A detailed description of the model can be found in Wang et al. (2012). The simulation is per- formed using latest reanalysis data set from ECMWF, the ERA-INTERIM (Simmons et al., 2006). The data was retrieved from the Meteorological Archive Retrieval System (MARS) with 0.25 ◦ spatial resolu- tion and was used to provide the initial and boundary conditions to the WRF model. The WRF model is run for a 5 year period (2009 to 2013) within a one way nested configuration with a 3:1 relationship, and has an output of several meteorological variables among which wind speed and direction at different levels. In order to avoid climate drift characteristic of long term simulations, yearly simulations are per- formed using the first month as model spin up. In addition, for a better representation of the air-sea inter- action for longer-range regional climate simulations, daily SSTs from National Centers for Environmen- tal Prediction/Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch (NCEP/MMAB) with 0.083 ◦ of resolution are contin- uously updated throughout the simulation. The product is produced with a two-dimensional variational inter- polation analysis of the most recent 24-hours buoy and ship data, satellite-retrieved SST data, and SST’s derived from satellite-observed sea-ice coverage. The domain configuration is depicted in Figure 1 and the parameterization schemes used to perform the simulations are described in Table 1. 2.2 Observational data Two types of observational data obtained from two different sources are used for validation purposes. A radio-sounding station located at Gago Coutinho, Lisboa, provides wind information at different heights. The use of this data allows the validation of the mod- elled winds at different levels without the use of 220 Figure 1. Domain configuration and location of the meteo- rological station and offshore buoys. Table 2. Characteristics of the in buoy wind observations in coastal waters. Latitude Longitude Dist. from (degrees (degrees Depth shore Location north) east) (m) (km) Cabo 43.74 − 6.17 600 ∼ 40 Silleiro Cabo 40.64 − 8.66 615 ∼ 20 Penas Estaca 44.12 − 7.67 1800 ∼ 32 de Bares Golfo 36.48 − 6.96 450 ∼ 55 de Cadiz Villano 43.50 − 9.21 386 ∼ 30 Sisargas extrapolation methods and is therefore used to validate winds obtained from the model at 80 m height. This data was obtained from IPMA (Portuguese Institute for the sea and atmosphere). Coastal winds are validated using wind mea- sures from offshore buoys obtained from the Spanish REDEXT network of Puertos del Estado (OPPE). The deep sea water buoys are placed in fixed positions, pro- viding hourly wind intensity and direction information from an anemometer located 3 m above site elevation. The buoy characteristics are presented in Table 2. The wind profile power law is applied to extrapo- late wind from 3 m to 10 m, making it possible to be compared with the winds obtained directly from the model. The wind profile power law is given by: where u is the wind speed (in meters per second) at height z (in meters), and u r is the known wind speed at a reference height z r . The exponent (α) is the fric- tion coefficient or Hellman exponent, a function of the topography at a specific site and usually assumed as a value of 1/7 for open land commonly referred to as the one-seventh power law. Wind speed extrapolation is considered one of the most critical uncertainty fac- tors of wind power assessment. There is a variety of wind shear coefficients for different types of topogra- phy and geography. A value of 0.10 is more appropriate for lakes and oceans (Hsu et al., 1994) and is there- fore used in the present work to extrapolate the winds obtained from the buoys from 3 m to 10 m and 80 m height. 2.3 Download 448.58 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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