Chapter · September 015 doi: 10. 1201/b18973-33 citations 11 reads 3,065 authors: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects
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1.2.101-RENEW20142015-219-NSCGS
Wind energy production by a Vestas 2.0 MW
offshore wind turbine Although the wind power density allows an overall impression of the wind characteristics, the average wind speed is not enough to accurately characterize the energetic potential of a proposed site. High average wind speeds can either result from occasional episodes of extreme winds caused by local short term events as actually be the result of a long term high frequency of strong winds. These different wind distributions with similar average wind speed will produce entirely dif- ferent energy output and lead to unrealistic estimations of the amount of energy produced. A proper statistical analysis of the wind speed distribution has to be carried out in order to avoid overestimations of the actual wind power available for extraction and building reliable wind resource maps. The wind speed data may be available in frequency dis- tribution format where the frequencies with which the wind speed falls within various ranges (bins) is given and can therefore be used to calculate the generated output of a wind turbine. The wind turbine chosen for this work is the Vestas V80 2.0 offshore turbine with 2 MW of rated power, a cut in wind speed of 4 m/s and a cut out wind speed of 25 m/s. It has a rotor diameter of 80 m and a swept area 5,027 m 2 . The characteristic power curve of the Vestas 2 MW wind turbine is represented in Figure 3. The wind speed frequency of occurrence is used to calculate the energy generated by each wind speed interval and hence the total energy generated through- out the year. For calculating full load hours on an annual basis there are 24 hr/day × 365.25 days/yr yielding to 8766 hrs/yr. Hence, the annual energy is given by the integration between the cut in and cut out speed of the product between the wind probability function and the charac- teristic power curve multiplied by the total number of hours in a year: 223 Figure 3. Power curve of the Vestas V80 2.0 MW offshore wind turbine. An important feature of the wind turbine power production is the capacity factor (CF). The CF corre- sponds to the amount of energy delivered during a year divided by the amount of energy that would have been generated if the generator was running at maximum power output throughout all the year. Although geo- graphical location determines in great part the capacity factor of a wind farm, it also depends of the turbine design. The capacity is given by: Full load hours are the number of hours during one year during which the turbine would have to run at full power in order to produce the energy delivered throughout a year: It is important to estimate and quantify the annual energy production of proposed wind turbine installa- tions, since this will determine the economic feasibil- ity of a wind turbine implementation project. An offshore installation can reach up to 4000 full load hours per year and although investment costs are considerable higher for offshore structures, for an onshore installation, the operating time is usually around 2000–2500 full load hours per year nearly half the number of hours of some offshore locations. Inspection of Figures 4 and 5 allows having a gen- eral idea of de number of full load hours and the amount of energy the turbine would produce if it was erected at those sites. Offshore facilities placed along the Portuguese coast would operate around 3500 hours/year up to 4000 hours in the Northern regions and would produce an annual power output of 6– 7 GWh/year. In addition the Northern Spain coast allows the installation of turbines capable of producing 8–9 GWh/year of energy operating up to 4500 h/year. Table 8 summarizes the energy production evaluation parameters for 6 propose sites along the Iberian coast. Figure 4. Number of full load hours of a Vestas V80-2 MW (2009–2013) of Vestas turbine at 80 m hub height for the period of 2009–2013. Table 8. Results of the energy parameters for 6 points along the Iberian coast. Number of Annual energy full load Production Location hours (GWh) (a) Aguçadoura 3993 7.99 (b) S. Pedro de Moel 3424 6.85 (c) Peniche 3681 7.36 (d) Sines 3468 6.94 (e) Estaca de Bares 4322 8.64 (f) Villano Sisargas 4833 9.67 Already pointed out, all areas represented viable con- ditions for building offshore wind harnessing devices indicating a good economic feasibility which is guar- anteed with 2300 h/year at full capacity according to current European offshore tariffs. Once again, partic- ular emphasis is given to Aguçadoura and S. Pedro de Moel. At Aguçadoura, higher amounts of energy are available for extraction. A turbine placed off the coast of Aguçadoura would produce approximately 8 GWh/year of wind power nearly 1 GWh/year less than a turbine placed at S. Pedro de Moel coast. Overall, wind turbine implemen- tation at higher latitudes would be of most benefit. It is worth mentioning that these calculations did not take into account the number of hours necessary for main- tenance and other factors that can reduce the turbine’s availability by at least 10%. However, modern wind turbines have a guaranteed availability of 95%. 224 Figure 5. Averaged annual production (GWh) of a Vestas V80-2MW (2009–2013). 3.3 Wind speed relative frequency of occurrence and annual variability The main goal of this study is to build a reliable eval- uation of the wind resource for the Iberian coast with Download 448.58 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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