Chapter: lexicology and its object subject matter of Lexicology

2. Neologisms. Obsolete and archaic words.
Language is always a motion. New words constately appear in the language. Neologisms are new words (borrowed words) which appeared in the long as a result of development of culture, state system, society. War, revolution, radio, automobile, bus, spaceship, place, congress, NATO, black out, tank
1st At the beginning of 17 th century in 1620 first English appeared in America , 1 group consisted of those who came to America with their hope for better life. 2d group consists of religious figures. When English came to America the new Problems appear: linguistic and political. 1 .They took a well- known English words and filled it with a new meaning. Blackbird was taken as a name to a new
"id of name. 2.English combined two morphemes to make up a new word- ratle snake, ground cock. 3.Some words were taken directly from Indian language.
There are the names of American animals, institutions and others. 4.English borrowed Indian words not directly but in their Spanish, French, Denmark form s Chocolate, potato, tomatoo, canoe
Neologism is any word which is formed according to the productive structural patterns or borrowed from another language and felt by the speakers as something new. So neologisms are newly coined words or phrase or a new meaning for an existing word or a word borrowed from another language. As a result of the development of science and industry many new words appeared in the language. For example, isotope, tape-recorder, supermarket, V-day (Victory day). The research of cosmic space gave birth to new words: sputnik, lunik, space- rocket, space - ship.
Neologisms may be divided into;
1) root words: For example, jeep — a small light motor vehicle, zebra — street crossing place, sputnik, lunik etc;
2) derived words; For example, collaborationist — one who in occupied territory works helpfully with the enemy, to accessorize — to provide with dress accessories;
3) compound: For example, space — rocket, air —drop, microfilm-reader. New words are as a rule monosemantic. Terms, used in various fields of science and technique make the greater part of neologisms. New words belong only to the notional parts of speech: to nouns, verbs, adjectives etc.
Neologisms are mainly formed by: 1) wordformation (mainly productive type). For example.-gen, -ogen: carinogen (biological term)
-ics: psycholinguistics, electronics sputnik — to sputnik (conversion)
— nik: filmnik, folknik.
2) semantic extension: heel — a tractor (old meaning: heel — the back part of foot); to screen — to classify, to select methodically (old meaning was — to separate coal into different sizes);
3) borrowing; telecast, telestar (Greek), sputnik, lunnik, udarnik (Russian).
Words may drop out as a result of the disappearance of the actual objects they denote. These words are called obsolete words.
The disappearance of words may be caused as a result of influence of borrowings. For example the Scandinavian «take» and «die» ousted 0. E. niman and sweldan. The French «army» and «place» replaced the O. E. here and steps.
Words which are not used generally are called archaisms. Archaisms are used in poetic vocabulary. Ex, steed (horse), slay (kill), welkin (sky) Archaisms should be distinguished from historical terms or historisms which denote historical reality and commonly used in modern English. For example cannon- ball, chain mail, lance, archer, baldric (belt for a sword).

3 Emotionally coloured words

Speech also expresses the speakers attitude to what he is talking about. The speaker may wish to warn, to influence people, to express his approval or disapproval. Words expressing emotion are called emotionally coloured words.
Deminutive and derogatory affixes play an important role in forming emotionally coloured words.
for example, daddy, kiddykins, babykins, oldie, blackie.
In Uzbek: дадажон , сингилгинам , кизалок , буталок , Interjections also express emotion without naming them: Ah!, Hush!, Hell!, Nonsense!, Pooh; In Uzbek: вой , айланай , эх .
The derogatory suffixes may form emotionally coloured words, For example, bastard— внебрачный ребёнок (xa роми ), weakling — слабое c ущество ( нозик ), drunkard — пьяница ( маст ), hibster — хиппи , dullard — тупица ( тентак ). In Uzbek: ойимча , ойимтилла , ургилибгина кетай .
It is very interesting that many personal nouns formed by the composition from complete sentences or phrases in most cases are derogatory: For example, also-run — ну и скакун , непосредственность ( чопкир ), never-say- die — несдающийся , неприклонный ( енгилмса ), stick-in-the mud --- отсталый человек , растяпа (kojiok).
die - hard —крайний консерватор, живучий(жони каттик ). There are nouns formed by conversion which are used emotionally coloured: a bare — c кучный человек ( зерикли одам ), a washout — пропавший человек ( тамом булган одам ).
There are some words which indicate the special importance of the thing expressed. They are called intensifies. For example, even, ever, all, so, awfully, tremendously, wonderfully, terribly, awfully glad, terribly important... The Uzbek words: ox,фигон , a фгон , фаред are used as intensifiers.