Cheng Zhi Huang, Jian Ling, Yuan Fang LI 1 Introduction to light scattering
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Cheng Zhi Huang, Jian Ling, Yuan Fang Li 1 Introduction to light scattering 1.1 Synopsis of light scattering 1.1.1 Light scattering phenomenon Why is the sky blue? Why is the deep sea mazarine? And why is the lake green? All these questions are concerned with light scattering and its related optical phenomena. Light scattering is an optical natural phenomenon that exists extensively. Literally, light scattering refers to a phenomenon that scatters light in all directions. When the light passes through an inhomogeneous medium, photons of di fferent wavelengths interact and collide with the inhomogeneous area of the medium, scattering the light in di fferent directions. Therefore, the light can be observed in other directions besides the direction of the incident light. For example, in a dark night, when you turn on the electric torch, you can observe the light cross, and this is because the electric torch light is scattered by the suspended particles in the air; hence, the light is visible to our eyes. The larger the particles, the clearer would be seen for these floating particles. It is because of the existence of these particles resulted in scattering of the electric torch light that the flashlight could not spread to infinity. 1.1.1.1 Light scattering acting as an important form of light decay The same as the light absorption, light scattering also can make the light passing through a medium decay. For example, when a white light passes through water- diluted milk, in the direction where the light advances, the milk appears pink, while from the side and above, it appears light blue. This is because the white light collides with small particles in milk emulsion, causing variation of di fferent degrees for the light of di fferent wavelengths from the original incidence direction of the white light. A short-wavelength light has more variation, while a long-wavelength light has less variation. In optical propagation, the flow of photons interacts with the inhomogeneous area of a medium, such as an atom, a molecule, molecular aggregates, or particles of di fferent sizes, and so light intensity changes in terms of spatial distribution, polariza- tion state, or frequency. In other words, when the light propagates through a medium, if there is any inhomogeneity, it can lead to light scattering. Thus, light scattering is a form of interaction between the flow of photons and the inhomogeneous area, which widely exist in nature and our daily life. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110573138-001 Brought to you by | University of Iowa Libraries Authenticated Download Date | 1/19/20 3:36 AM 1.1.1.2 Propagation of sunlight Propagation of light can be seen in atmosphere, such as blue sky, white cloud, rosy cloud, and fog. Either blue sky, beautiful morning light, pretty sunset glow, or a rainbow after the rain, all these phenomena are the combined result of light scatter- ing, light re flex, and light refraction, produced by the interactions between sunlight and atmospheric suspended solids, and gas molecules. Because of this, on cloudy rainy days or in case of fierce dust storm, sunlight hardly reaches the ground. In addition, because of this, even superstrong laser beam cannot propagate to in finity. When sunlight passes through the atmosphere, rays of di fferent wavelengths of the sunlight react with the atmosphere, that is, with floating particles and gas molecules in it. For the fact that the light at di fferent wavelengths has different degree of scattering, the shorter the wavelength, the larger the degree of scattering is. A short-wavelength light has a larger degree of scattering; it scatters all over the sky, resulting in pretty blue color of the sky. As a long-wavelength light has a smaller degree of scattering, it directly propagates to the ground, and the color of the light is croci or orange red. For this reason, on a sunny noon, the sun shines directly at the ground with strong short-wavelength light scattering, and we can see the blue sky and nearly white sun. The sun appears white because the sunlight is too strong, so that the scattered intensity distributed all over the wave band (white light) is not enough to change the color of the sun. While in both the morning and at night, sunlight reaches the earth through atmosphere with a large dip angle, there are much more interactions between the sunlight and floating particles and air molecules in the atmosphere, and so the shorter-wavelength including blue light and yellow light are side scattered, and only the longer-wavelength including red light reaches the earth, making the sky blue and the sun yellow to red. When compared with the wavelength of a visible light, dust, droplet, and other suspended particles have larger sizes. For example, PM 2.5 refers to a particle with a size smaller or equal to 2.5 μm; PM 10 refers to a particle with a size smaller or equal to 10 μm. Diameters of PM 2.5 and PM 10 are far larger than the wavelength of the sunlight of visible region (360 –760 nm). So, when the sunlight passes through the atmosphere and collides with these larger particles, the sunlight is re flected in different directions. Since this kind of re flected light has no selectivity for light of different wavelength, so these particles re flect white light. On foggy and cloudy days, as there are lots of mist Download 275,97 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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