Climate and weater

CLIMATE AND WEATER
Weather is the state of the atmosphere in a given place of the Earth at a certain moment or interval of time. This state is determined by the dynamics of the atmosphere, the physicochemical processes in it and its interaction with the surface of the Earth and with outer space, as well as with processes determined by the internal energy of the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. The totality of weather in this place is called climate.
Climate. In Greek, climate means inclination. In climatology, it refers to the inclination of the earth's surface to the sun's rays. Climate is one of the main geographical characteristics of a particular area, it determines the long-term statistical regime of the weather of this place. The main features of the climate depend on the energy of solar radiation, the circulation of air masses in the atmosphere and the nature of the underlying surface of this place. In addition, the climate of a particular region is determined by the geographical latitude and altitude of the place above sea level, its remoteness from the sea coasts, the peculiarities of orography (relief) and vegetation cover, the presence of glaciers and snow covers, the degree of atmospheric pollution. The rotation of the Earth around its axis, inclined to the plane of the equator by 23.26 °, and the revolution of the Earth around the Sun lead to diurnal and annual weather variations, as well as to certain latitudinal (zonal) patterns of climate on Earth.
Climate
CLIMATE is a long-term weather regime, typical for this area of the Earth, as it were, the average weather for many years. The term "climate" was introduced into scientific circulation 2200 years ago by the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus and means in Greek "inclination" ("klimatos"). The scientist was referring to the inclination of the earth's surface to the sun's rays, the difference of which from the equator to the pole was already then considered the main reason for the differences in weather in low and high latitudes. Later, the climate was called the average state of the atmosphere in a certain area of the Earth, which is characterized by features that are practically unchanged for one generation, that is, about 30-40 years. Such features include the amplitude of temperature fluctuations, atmospheric pressure, atmospheric circulation.
There are macroclimate and microclimate:
Macroclimate (Greek makros - large) - the climate of the largest territories, this is the climate of the Earth as a whole, climatic zones, as well as large regions of land and oceans or seas. In the macroclimate, the level of solar radiation and the patterns of atmospheric circulation are determined;

The microclimate (Greek mikros - small) is part of the local climate. The microclimate mainly depends on the relief, forest plantations, differences in soil moisture, spring-autumn frosts, the timing of melting snow and ice on water bodies. Taking into account the microclimate is essential for the placement of crops, for the construction of cities, the laying of roads, for any economic activity of a person, as well as for his health.

The description of the climate is compiled from observations about the weather for many years. It includes the average long-term temperature and precipitation by month, information about winds, cloudiness, recurrence of various types of weather. But the description of the climate will be incomplete if it does not give deviations from the average. Usually, the description includes information about the highest and lowest temperatures, about the largest and smallest amount of precipitation for all the time of observation.
The Earth's climate changes not only in space, but also in time. A huge number of facts on this problem is given by paleoclimatology - the science of ancient climates. Studies have shown that the geological past of the Earth is the alternation of the epochs of the seas and the epochs of the land. This alternation is associated with slow fluctuations in the earth's crust, during which the ocean area then decreased, then increased. In the era of increasing area of the World Ocean, the sun's rays are absorbed by water and heat the Earth, from which the atmosphere also warms. General warming will inevitably cause the spread of heat-loving plants and animals. The spread of the warm climate of the "eternal spring" in the era of the sea is also explained by an increase in the concentration of CO2, which causes the phenomenon of the greenhouse effect. Thanks to him, warming increases.
With the advent of the land age, the picture changes. This is due to the fact that land, unlike water, reflects the sun's rays more, which means that it heats up more weakly. This leads to less warming of the atmosphere, and inevitably the climate will become colder.
Many scientists consider space to be one of the important causes of earth's climate fluctuations. For example, quite strong evidence of solar-terrestrial relations is given. With an increase in the activity of the Sun, changes in solar radiation are associated, the frequency of cyclones increases. A decrease in solar activity can lead to droughts.