Cloud Control System Architectures, Technologies and Applications on Intelligent and Connected Vehicles: a Review

4.2 Supportive Technologies

4.2.1 V2X Communication

The concept of the IoV is extended from the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) [173]. The IoV involves various technologies, such as wireless network communication, high performance computing, and automotive electronic and electrical architecture technologies [174, 175]. As an interdisciplinary and emerging technology, in the past few decades, it has attracted lots of research and practice in the industry and academia [176–178].
Throughout the world-wide IoV communication research, it is mainly divided into two major types. The first one is the IoV communication technology based on Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC); the second one is the IoV communication technology based on the mobile cellular network [179–181]. Since 2004, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) formulated the IEEE 802.11p standard for wireless access for the road environment [182]. Combined with the WAVE architecture in the IEEE 1609 protocol suite, they formed the basic protocol architecture of the IoV communication, which is widely accepted by the industry. This protocol basically achieves the goal of V2X communication. In accordance with the expected demand and industry development, the US Department of Transportation has issued a plan that requires the launch of DSRC-supported vehicles in 2021. The plan announced that all vehicles manufactured in the United States must support the DSRC standard by 2024.
With the rapid development and evolution of cellular communications, the industry has begun to focus on researching C-V2X technology [183, 184]. In 2016, the 3rd Generation Partnerships Project (3rd Generation Partnerships Project, 3GPP) customized a dedicated protocol LTE-V2X for V2X communication in the R14 version [185], which can better support the existing IoV business. While in the beginning, the 802.11p based V2X is deployed on a small scale in EU, US and Japan, C-V2X is obtaining more and more momentum especially in other regions (e.g. China). In table 5, a brief comparison between DSRC and C-V2X according to Ref. [186] has been specified.