Collection of questions on theoretical grammar
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GRAMMATIKA SESSIYA SAVOL-JAVOB
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COLLECTION OF QUESTIONS ON THEORETICAL GRAMMAR What are the main important points of syntax? The main important points of syntax include word order, sentence structure, grammatical rules, and the arrangement of words and phrases in a sentence. What is the aim of theoretical grammar? The aim of theoretical grammar is to study and understand the principles and rules that govern language structure and use. What properties do nouns have? Nouns typically have properties such as gender (in some languages), number (singular or plural), and case (in some languages). How do you differ explicit meaning from implicit one? Explicit meaning refers to the direct, clear, and obvious meaning of a word or phrase, while implicit meaning refers to the suggested, implied, or inferred meaning. According to their morphological structure, verbs are divided into… According to their morphological structure, verbs are divided into regular verbs and irregular verbs. Four: simple, derived, compound, composite What are Signals of Syntactic Structure? Signals of Syntactic Structure are linguistic cues or markers that indicate the syntactic relationships between words or phrases in a sentence. Five: word order, prosody, functional words, inflections, derivational contrast. What does the word “syntax” mean? The word "syntax" refers to the study of the rules and principles governing the arrangement of words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences. Greek word “coordinating” What is the function of adjective? The function of an adjective is to describe or modify a noun or pronoun, providing additional information about its attributes or qualities. Three: describe, modify, define. What is Prosody? Prosody refers to the patterns of stress, rhythm, intonation, and pitch in speech, which contribute to the overall meaning and expression of a sentence. Prosody is the overall musical pattern of stress, pitch, juncture in which the words of an utterance are spoken Syntax is the way words and clauses are arranged to form sentences. What does the arrangement contribute to? The arrangement of words in syntax contributes to the overall meaning, grammatical correctness, and clarity of a sentence. What type of adverb is given in the example? I would not particularly like to move to a modern house. In the example, "particularly" is an adverb of degree. What are class nouns? Class nouns are a type of nouns that refer to a group or class of similar objects or entities, such as "team," "family," or "species." What verbs are Link verbs? Link verbs, also known as copular verbs, are verbs that connect the subject of a sentence to a complement or attribute, such as "be," "seem," or "become." There four main types of notional syntagmas: what are they? The four main types of notional syntagmas are noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and adverb phrases. Four: predicative, objective, attributive, adverbial What is derivational contrast? Derivational contrast refers to the distinction or difference in meaning that is created by adding derivational affixes to a base word. Derivational contrast is the contrast between words which have the same base but differ in the number and nature of their derivational affixes. Types of grammatical meaning Types of grammatical meaning include tense, aspect, mood, voice, and case, among others. Two: explicit, implicit Types of oppositions established in phonology are… Types of oppositions established in phonology include phonemic oppositions, allophonic oppositions, and distinctive feature oppositions. The subject in English can be expressed by… The subject in English can be expressed by a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that performs the action or is being described in the sentence. What is a directive? A directive is a type of speech act that is intended to give a command, instruction, or request to the listener. How many categories of descriptive adjectives are there and what are they? There are two categories of descriptive adjectives: qualitative adjectives (describing the quality or characteristic of a noun) and relative adjectives (comparing the noun to others). Two: qualifying, which means gradable and classifying, which means non-gradable. What is declarative sentence? A declarative sentence is a sentence that makes a statement or expresses a fact, opinion, or idea. What does the Singularia tantum cover? Singularia tantum refers to nouns that only have a singular form and do not have a plural counterpart, such as "furniture" or "information." The grammatical structure of language comprises two major parts, what are they? The grammatical structure of language comprises two major parts: morphology (the study of word forms and their internal structure) and syntax (the study of sentence structure and word order). What Grammatical categories are of frequent use? Grammatical categories that are of frequent use include tense, number, gender, case, person, and mood, among others. There are 20 categories, 9 of them commonly used, traditionally 6 of them used in English. According to the syntactic function of verbs, they are divided into …. According to the syntactic function of verbs, they are divided into main verbs (lexical verbs) and auxiliary verbs (helping verbs). Three: notional, auxiliary, linking. What groups of words do all the words of a language fall under? All the words of a language fall under different groups or categories, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.al Two: notional and functional. Depending on the language, we are speaking or writing in, the syntax can be …. Depending on the language, we are speaking or writing in, the syntax can be different. Two: restrictive or flexible Paradigmatic Relations are associated with…………. Paradigmatic Relations are associated with word choices and the selection of one word over another. How Many Particles Are in English? There are three particles in English: "up," "off," and "out." Four: grammatical, adverb, discource and negative particle. Continuous and perfect are examples of the grammatical category known as Continuous and perfect are examples of the grammatical category known as aspect. The subjunctive "mood" expresses __________ The subjunctive "mood" expresses doubt, possibility, or hypothetical situations. PR are relations based on the principles of …… PR (Paradigmatic Relations) are relations based on the principles of selection and substitution. Sentence classification covers …... Sentence classification covers categorizing sentences based on their structure or function. What type of Syntagmatic Relation does the following example belong to? They were tired but happy. The example "They were tired but happy" belongs to the Syntagmatic Relation of coordination. How many types of adjectives are there in English? There are two types of adjectives in English: attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives. Eight: descriptive, demonstrative, distributive, interrogative, proper, possessive, numeral, qualitative. What is flexional language? A flexional language is a language that uses inflections or affixes to indicate grammatical relationships and meanings. Grammatical category is related to… Grammatical category is related to the classification and categorization of words based on shared features or properties. What type of Paradigmatic Relation does the following example belong to? He used to practice English every day – He would practice English every day. The example "He used to practice English every day – He would practice English every day" belongs to the Paradigmatic Relation of substitution. Semantic paradigmatic relation What is pluralia tantum? Pluralia tantum refers to nouns that only have a plural form and do not have a singular counterpart, such as "scissors" or "pants." According to different principles, PR (Paradigmatic Relations) can be of what types? According to different principles, Paradigmatic Relations can be of two types: selectional and substitutive. Three: semantic, formal and functional. How many stages are there in Grammar? There are various stages in Grammar, but a common framework includes phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. A manservant – menservants A woman-teacher –women-teachers A mother-in-law – mothers-in-law A passer-by – passers-by A man-of-war – men-of -war are …..... "A manservant – menservants," "A woman-teacher – women-teachers," "A mother-in-law – mothers-in-law," "A passer-by – passers-by," and "A man-of-war – men-of-war" are examples of plural forms of compound nouns. Notional words as positional classes are generally represented by what symbols? Notional words as positional classes are generally represented by specific grammatical symbols or categories. NVAD: noun, verb, adjective, adverb What is the Verb? The Verb is a part of speech that represents an action, occurrence, or state of being. The grammatical category "person" is a property of pronouns and has _____ values. The grammatical category "person" is a property of pronouns and has three values: first person, second person, and third person. Linking adverbs show a relationship between two clauses or sentences in terms of…... Linking adverbs show a relationship between two clauses or sentences in terms of cause and effect, time, condition, or concession. How many distinctive types of sentences are there in English? There are four distinctive types of sentences in English: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. What sentence is this? Our car broke down; we came last. The sentence "Our car broke down; we came last" is a compound sentence. What type of Syntagmatic Relation does the following example belong to? They were tired but happy. The example "They were tired but happy" belongs to the Syntagmatic Relation of coordination. What are the levels of grammatical organization where the ties of connection are viewed from? The levels of grammatical organization where the ties of connection are viewed from are phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic. How many values of Aspect category are there and what are they? The Aspect category has two values: continuous and perfect. Three: simple, continuous and perfect The term “grammar” goes back to………… The term "grammar" goes back to ancient Greek word “art of writing” What directive is the following example? "I think maybe you should do this instead?" The directive in the example "I think maybe you should do this instead?" is a suggestion. Function words Function words are words that serve grammatical purposes rather than conveying specific content or meaning. What are five main concepts of Morphology? The five main concepts of Morphology are morpheme, inflection, derivation, lexeme, and morphological rules. Five: noun and verb, adjective and adverb, pronoun, preposition, punctuation Language level and Speech level Language level refers to the overall system of a language, while speech level refers to the specific usage of language in actual communication. Five: phonological or phonetical level: phoneme or phone, morphological level: morpheme or morph, lexicological level: lexeme or lex, syntax-minor: sentence, syntax-major:text. What adverbs can be affected by the grammatical category known as degree? Adverbs that can be affected by the grammatical category of degree include those indicating manner, time, place, and frequency. What grammatical categories does the Verb have? The Verb has grammatical categories such as tense, aspect, mood, voice, and person. What sentences are complex sentences? Complex sentences are sentences that consist of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. What are the main distinctions between language and speech? The main distinctions between language and speech include language being a system of communication with specific rules, while speech refers to the actual use of language by individuals. Language is abstract, speech is concrete. Language is common, general for all the bearers while the speech is individual. Language is stable, less changeable while speech tends to changes. Language is a closed system, its units are limited while speech tend to be openness and endless. What directive is the following example? "I NEED a phone, PLEASE can I get one?" The directive in the example "I NEED a phone, PLEASE can I get one?" is a request. Possessive is a value of the grammatical category called Possessive is a value of the grammatical category called case. The minimal opposition is called……… The minimal opposition is called a minimal pair. E-type adjectives? E-type adjectives are adjectives that represent an inherent property or quality of the noun they modify. Distributive adjectives: each, every, either. Compound sentence A compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more independent clauses. Types of Common Nouns Types of Common Nouns include concrete nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, and proper nouns. Four: class, collective, material and abstract. Transitive and intransitive verbs Transitive verbs are verbs that require a direct object, while intransitive verbs do not require a direct object. What is the difference between a command and a suggestion? A command is an authoritative order or instruction, while a suggestion is a proposal or recommendation. What directive is the following example? "Would you like to go on a walk with me?" The directive in the example "Would you like to go on a walk with me?" is an invitation. Compound-complex sentences Compound-complex sentences are sentences that contain two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. The subject in English can be expressed by: The subject in English can be expressed by a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. How many non-finite forms of the verb are there in English? There are three non-finite forms of the verb in English: the infinitive, the present participle (gerund), and the past participle. What are two main elements in syntax? The two main elements in syntax are phrases and clauses. Means of Realization of Grammatical Categories Means of realization of grammatical categories refer to the specific linguistic forms or structures used to express those categories. Four: synthetic, sound alteration, superlative, analytical. What do the Adverbs indicate to? Adverbs indicate various aspects such as manner, time, place, degree, frequency, and reason. Gradable and non-gradable adjectives Gradable adjectives can be modified by adverbs of degree and can express varying degrees of the quality they describe, while non-gradable adjectives do not have degrees of comparison or can't be modified by adverbs of degree. How do the Finite forms of the Verb function? Finite forms of the Verb function as the main verb in a sentence and show agreement with the subject in terms of tense, person, and number. What is Proper Noun? A Proper Noun is a noun that refers to a specific person, place, organization, or entity and is typically capitalized. What opposition is the following example? WEAK – WEAKER –THE WEAKEST The opposition in the example "WEAK – WEAKER – THE WEAKEST" is the comparison of degree or the comparative and superlative forms of the adjective "weak." Syntagmatic relations are established … . Syntagmatic relations are established through the arrangement and combination of words or phrases in a sentence, showing their syntactic relationships and roles. How do you differ tense category from aspect category? The tense category refers to the time of an action or event (e.g., past, present, future), while the aspect category refers to the nature or completion of an action or event (e.g., continuous, perfect). Hyponyms and Hypernyms Hyponyms are words that are more specific or subordinate in meaning to a broader or superordinate term called a hypernym. Color: green, blue, yellow, purple. Hypernym- purple. Hyponym-crimson, violet, lavender. Interrogative adjectives Interrogative adjectives are adjectives used to ask questions and modify nouns, such as "which," "what," or "whose." What is highlighted with the help of transposition? Transposition highlights or emphasizes a particular word, phrase, or element by moving it to a different position in a sentence or discourse. She is a flower. He is a lion. Positional-directive level (or code) The positional-directive level (or code) refers to the level of language usage that involves giving or following directions, instructions, or commands. What verbs cannot be used without additional words, though they have a meaning? Modal verbs cannot be used without additional words (mainly infinitives) to complete their meaning, as they express modality or attitude, such as "can," "should," or "must." The distinction between language and speech was made by ………(Scholar’s name) The distinction between language and speech was made by Ferdinand de Saussure, a prominent linguist and semiotician. What adjective is used in the example? Little knowledge is dangerous. The adjective used in the example "Little knowledge is dangerous" is "little," which indicates a small quantity or amount. What phrases are subordinate phrases? Subordinate phrases are phrases that function as part of a larger grammatical structure, typically dependent on a main clause or another phrase. Ex: therefore, although, since, because Co - ordinate phrases are connected …………… Co-ordinate phrases are connected with coordinating conjunctions (such as "and," "or," or "but") and have equal syntactic importance or structure. FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Difference between grammatical and lexical meaning The grammatical meaning refers to the meaning conveyed by specific grammatical structures or categories, while the lexical meaning refers to the inherent meaning of words or lexical items. How many notional syntagmas are there and what are they? There are four main types of notional syntagmas: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, and adverb phrases. Four: predicative, objective, attributive, adverb Into what types are verbs divided according to morphological structure and what are they? Verbs are divided into regular and irregular verbs according to their morphological structure. Four: simple, derived, compound, composite. What verbs are link verbs? Link verbs, also known as copular verbs, connect the subject of a sentence to a complement or attribute, such as "be," "seem," or "become." Into what types are verbs divided according to syntactic function and what are they? Verbs are divided into main verbs (lexical verbs) and auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) according to their syntactic function. Three: notional, auxiliary, linking. How many values are there in degree category and what do they indicate? The degree category has three values: positive, comparative, and superlative, indicating the degree or intensity of a quality. Means of Realization of Grammatical categories? Means of realization of grammatical categories refer to the specific linguistic forms or constructions used to express those categories. Four: synthetic, sound alteration, superlative, analytical What are the functions of adjective? The functions of adjectives include describing or modifying nouns, providing additional information about their attributes or qualities. Three: modify, describe, define Types of Adjectives Types of adjectives include descriptive adjectives, possessive adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, interrogative adjectives, and numeral adjectives. What is the unique feature of Proper Nouns? The unique feature of Proper Nouns is that they refer to specific, individual entities (such as names of people, places, Download 21.79 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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