Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
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Table 1
Related approaches and challenges in different domains of the biogas industry [17–20,22,25,26] . Domains Approaches Challenges to overcome Upstream (substrate pretreatment) Chemical pretreatment (acid, alkali, oxidative) • High investment and energy demand • Possible formation of inhibitory by-products Physical pretreatment (mechanical, thermal, ultrasound) Biological pretreatment (fungal, enzymatic, bacterial, composting, ensiling) • Relatively low operational efficiency Combined pretreatment (steam explosion, thermochemical) • Possible generation of toxic inhibitory compounds Mainstream (biogas production) Anaerobic co-digestion • Improper mixing ratio resulting in process instability • Seasonal availability of different waste in different regions • Extra capital cost such as transportation Effluent recirculation • Potential risk of ammonia inhibition Manipulation of OLR, temperature, HRT and mixing • Risk of process instability • Adequate management and precise control Bioaugmentation • Might not be effective under all operational conditions NPs a additives (ZVI NPs, metallic and metal oxide NPs, and carbon-based NPs) • High investment • Strictly control the concentrations of additives • Risk of process instability • Environmental and health-related complications Trace element (Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn) supplementation Downstream (biogas upgrading) Physical technology (water scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption, absorption with amine solutions and organic solvents, membrane separation) • High investment and energy demand • Need for toxic solvents in some cases Chemical technology (chemical hydrogenation/Sabatier reaction) Biological technology (photosynthetic reaction, chemoautotrophic reaction) • High investment and energy demand • High risk of biological contamination • Need for large amount of reductant D. Wu et al. |
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