Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
Correlation between operational parameters and digester
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3. Correlation between operational parameters and digester
performance 3.1. Feeding strategy In recent years, the volume of research in the area of AD has increased substantially, with studies proving successful in exploiting a variety of types of organic material, typically municipal and industrial waste, agricultural waste, and energy crops, for energy production [42,43] . As shown in Table 2 , for the majority of full-scale biogas plants that have been exposed to process disturbances, such disturbances are directly related to changes in the type and biochemical composition of the feedstock. 3.1.1. Fluctuation in the type of feedstock In order to meet the requirements of local markets, increase process capacity and meet the surplus needs of the AD system, different types of organic material from various sources are passively or proactively ac- quired and commonly mixed to maximize biogas production [44] . In Denmark, the concept of co-digestion has led to the construction of 20 centralized biogas plants and 60 farm-scale plants, which typically treat 70–80% slurry manure together with 20–30% industrial organic waste of various types [37,38] . Germany is an undisputed leader in the application of on-farm AD systems, with more than 4,000 operating Table 2 (continued) Country Operational information Performance of instability Cause of instability Countermeasures and results Reference reproduced quicker and produced more proteins and polysaccharides (mucilage), which promoted foam formation once released after cell death reduced by reducing the amount of groats to 0.25% (W/W) of the total feedstock Germany (Full- scale) Mesophilic conditions Four reactors (8,000 m 3 each) operating in line-forming cascades Agitation: recirculation Feeding substrate: primary and surplus sludge OLR: 2.5–3 kg VS⋅m − 3 ⋅ d -1 HRT: 20 d Foam formation in Reactor 3 concentration of VFA 17% higher than the others Slight accumulation of ammonium-nitrogen in the foam fraction Reactor 3 additionally loaded with a high proportion of fat, oil, and grease – [13,40] Germany (Full- scale) Feeding cycle: once per hour Feeding substrates: cattle manure (30 m 3 ⋅ d -1 ), sugar beet (8 t⋅d -1 ), corn silage (6 t⋅d -1 ), grass silage (1 t⋅d -1 ), rest feed (2 t⋅d -1 ), and coarse wheat (1.5 t⋅d -1 ) Temporary foaming incident Significantly higher acetate, propionate, and ammonium-nitrogen concentrations and a lower pH Seasonally added sugar contains easily digestible sucrose, which led to overloading; its particle size enhanced the formation of foam Poor mixing Added anti-foaming agents, plant oils, and acetate Prolonged the stirring cycle [41] Germany (Full- scale) Mesophilic conditions, two-stage with two hydrolysis digesters and two main digesters Agitation: continuous stirring with two paddles Feeding substrates: swine and cattle manure (50,000 t⋅a -1 ) and biogenic industrial waste (30,000 t⋅a -1 ) OLR: 2–2.5 kg VS⋅m − 3 ⋅ d -1 HRT: 25 d Slightly higher calcium, phosphorous, and sulfur concentrations Occurrence of foaming An abrupt temperature increase caused higher mortality of microbial cells Enhanced addition of cooking oil contributed to foam stabilization Download 1.11 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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