Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
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3.6. Mixing strategy exploration
The main purpose of mixing is to ensure good distribution and ho- mogeneity of the feeding substrate and microorganisms in anaerobic reactors. In addition, mixing also facilitates the uniform distribution of temperature within the reactor and the transfer of gas from the liquid phase. An adequate mixing strategy has been shown to improve the performance of reactors by reducing the rate of sedimentation, whereas inadequate mixing can directly result in stratification and the formation of floating layers of solids, regional overloading, dead zones, and foam formation [90,91] . For anaerobic digesters, mixing strategies generally include mixing methods and modes. Commonly applied mixing methods include me- chanical mixing, hydraulic mixing, and pneumatic mixing. The optimal mixing method varies depending on the requirements and feasibility of the biogas plant [81,90] . Pneumatic mixing systems, in particular, have been shown to exacerbate foaming incidents, mainly due to the fact that the mixing of biogas provides favorable conditions for the occurrence of foaming. With recirculation of biogas, rising gas bubbles can attach to foaming agents, accelerating the physical process already occurring with rising gas bubbles generated within the reactor. As a result, the foaming potential and the consequent potential risk of process instability are increased [48] . For full-scale application and operation, the configuration of the mixing mode is more challenging in terms of intensity and duration. Insufficient mixing can directly promote the formation of a dead zone, while sudden stops caused by mechanical malfunction are commonly regarded as a critical causative factor for process instability. Labatut and Gooch [34] reported the presence of highly inconsistent and stratified influent material when a mixing and pumping device located in an influent pit was out of service for two weeks. During this period, insufficient mixing of highly biodegradable and acidic cheese whey and corn silage produced regional shock loading of VFAs and resulted in process instability. Continuous and vigorous mixing has been reported to consume a significant amount of energy. According to Moeller and G¨orsch [13] , frequent foaming was observed at all process stages of the investigated plant and no success was achieved with commercial defoamers. There- fore, continuous mixing was performed in all digesters, including the digestate storage tanks, resulting in increased internal energy con- sumption. In fact, mixing systems are generally considered to be among the main consumers of electricity (29–54%) in full-scale biogas plants [92] . Therefore, mixing is a critical operational parameter that can be optimized to increase energy efficiency. Forceful and repeated mixing can also influence the distribution and structure of microbial communities in anaerobic digesters. For example, Zhang et al. [27] found that Bacteroides, which can convert acetates and other simpler substrates to H 2 to enable hydrogenotrophic methano- genesis, constituted a higher proportion of the microbial community in semi-continuously mixed reactors in comparison with that of continu- ously mixed reactors, ensuring that methane was produced through multiple pathways. Moreover, Methanosaeta concilii, an archaeum responsible for methane formation, possesses long filaments that can be damaged easily by continuous and vigorous mixing. Similarly, as emphasized by Kaparaju et al. [90] and McMahon et al. [93] , intensive mixing may disrupt the spatial juxtaposition of syntrophic bacteria and their methanogenic partners. As a result, high levels of acetate and propionate, with persistence of propionate, were observed in vigorously mixed reactors in comparison with those that were gently or minimally mixed, leading to decreased biogas yield and a prolonged start-up period. The propionate in such reactors was quickly consumed when the mixing mode was switched to a gentler mode. Thus, disruption of the growth and integrity of microbial structures could have disturbed or destroyed the strength of the syntrophic relationship among microbial organisms, thereby adversely affecting process stability. Consequently, minimal intermittent mixing appears to be the most optimal strategy for reducing energy consumption and maintaining process stability. The most suitable mixing strategy varies among cases and largely depends on the characteristics of the selected feedstock, mixing method, and reactor type [27,61] . For example, the reported experience of a plant utilizing renewable resources showed that 10 min of mixing per hour was sufficient [39] . A further study found that long periods without stirring (45 min or longer) led to faster sedimentation and reduced biogas yield [94] . Another suggestion indicated that limiting the mixing intensity for a period of time after feeding could further improve AD performance [90] . Therefore, it is not possible to specify a general rule for mixing based on a comprehensive synthesis of theoretical investigation and practical experience. Optimization of the most suitable plant-specific mixing strategy remains a challenging task in the design of energy-efficient AD systems. The application and development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provide a solution for optimal mixing from a more systematic perspective. According to Zhang et al. [27] , both lab-scale experiments and CFD modeling have been initiated to evaluate the feasibility of optimizing the mixing process in real applications. The results indicated that the application of CFD allowed optimization of the mixing duration and reduced energy consumption, creating a more energy-efficient AD process with a higher biogas yield and net energy output. Similarly, simulation results based on a full-scale case study showed that mixing for long periods was not very effective as a means of avoiding the cre- ation of dead zones, and the recommended operating parameters for mixing were is 3–5 min on and 25–30 min off. In addition, for biode- gradable feedstock with a high TS concentration, the application of hydro-mixers rather than slowly rotating stirrers was recommended due to lower energy consumption and better performance. The overall optimization process increased the specific electricity yield by 21.5% and reduced the electricity consumed by the stirrers by 13.5% [94] . Therefore, after obtaining basic information regarding reactor design, mixing methods, the rheological properties of the digestate, and the characteristics of the substrate, CFD-based analytical techniques can be employed in parametric studies to optimize the design and operation of mixing strategies. Download 1.11 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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