Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
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3.2. Organic loading rate maximization
The OLR is the amount of VS in the substrate added to a reactor per m 3 of active reactor per unit of time, normally expressed as kg COD⋅m − 3 ⋅ d -1 or kg VS⋅m − 3 ⋅ d -1 . The OLR is of prime importance for the design and operation of biogas plants because an increase in the oper- ational OLR usually means a higher processing capacity and greater biogas production, yielding higher financial benefit [64] . Driven by economic considerations, every biogas plant manager is actively ex- pected to operate an AD system as close to the maximum capacity as possible with the goal of increasing overall efficiency, and this is also the main concern during the operation of commercial biogas plants. However, according to multiple reports and field investigations, most commercial continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) currently operate at an OLR of less than 4 g VS⋅L -1 d -1 , which is generally below the maximum value. For example, commonly reported CSTRs treating FW are usually operated at a suboptimal OLR of 1–4.5 g VS⋅L -1 ⋅ d -1 [35] . Seven weeks of continuous monitoring of two full-scale biogas plants treating energy crops with a generating capacity of 500 kWel indicated that one of these plants could be optimized by increasing the OLR to produce more biogas and electricity [65] . Another study showed that almost 80% of the investigated biogas plants did not reach full capacity. The average OLR of CSTRs treating organic waste and energy crops was found to be 2 kg VS⋅m − 3 ⋅ d -1 , with the highest being 3.2 kg VS⋅m − 3 ⋅ d -1 , leaving considerable room for optimization [66] . In contrast, most CSTRs studied in laboratories can usually operate at a relatively higher OLR of 5–10 g VS⋅L -1 ⋅ d -1 . For example, Zhang et al. [67] enhanced the overall performance of a mesophilic AD system treating FW through the addition of trace elements Fe, Co, Ni and Se. Stable performance was achieved at an OLR of 5.0 g VS⋅L -1 ⋅ d -1 , and a high methane yield of approximately 465.4 mL CH 4 g − 1 VS was ob- tained. In a study of another mesophilic AD system for FW conducted by Nagao et al. [68] , sludge retention time (SRT) was decoupled from HRT and maintained to 60 days by the separation of discharged digested sludge and recirculation of the solid fraction. As a result of the accu- mulation of the microbial activity in the anaerobic sludge, stable oper- ation at an OLR of 9.2 g VS⋅L -1 ⋅ d -1 was achieved with a high VS reduction (91.8%) and high methane yield (455 mL CH 4 g − 1 VS). Furthermore, Kleybocker et al. [35] improved the acid-base balance in a thermophilic digester treating sewage sludge by additive dosing of calcium oxide (CaO), resulting in enhanced biogas production with a final stable operational OLR of 9.5 g VS⋅L -1 ⋅ d -1 . The significant difference in terms of the operational OLR between CSTRs at the laboratory and industrial levels is as follows. Firstly, running a CSTR with a suboptimal OLR is often considered to be a generally advisable safety precaution. Maximizing the OLR of the AD process and simultaneously maintaining its stability are actually two conflicting objectives [16] . Increasing the OLR often indicates an inev- itable disturbance and increased risk of process instability, especially for easily degradable organic materials such as FW and vegetable waste [32,69] . When the OLR is high, such organic materials can be degraded easily into VFAs. Considering the low growth rates of methanogens in comparison with those of acidogenic and acetogenic bacteria, a higher D. Wu et al. Fuel 303 (2021) 121282 8 OLR will further aggravate the uncoupling of acetogenic bacteria and methanogens, leading to the accumulation of massive amounts of VFAs, H 2 , and CO 2 , in a situation commonly known as “over-acidification [70] .” Therefore, operation of an anaerobic reactor with a relatively low OLR can indirectly increase the potential for system fluctuation. Secondly, most reports assessing CSTRs at the laboratory level involve additional measures such as recirculation, the addition of trace elements and acid-base control, which enhance biogas production and allow such reactors to achieve a relatively high operational OLR. Un- fortunately, no commercial application of CSTRs at a large scale exists due to the limitations imposed by objective factors such as capital cost and environmental concerns. Investigations of sludge recirculation have led to the development of anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) focusing on treating high-strength organic waste [24] , in which it is expected that the interception performance of the membrane will effectively prevent the washout of slow growing methanogens, therefore maintaining a higher SRT. In the long term, AnMBRs are a promising technology that could be used to optimize existing anaerobic digesters and meet the requirements of subsequent industrial capacity expansion. In addition to the current technical limitations described above, it is Download 1.11 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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