Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
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Part of the digestate was pumped out to lower the level in the digesters, such that the foam could be stirred in by fixed-position agitators The foam disappeared after 1 week [13] Mesophilic conditions, one-stage with two digesters (1,000 m 3 each) Agitation: recirculation and pneumatic Feeding substrates: commercial food waste (8,320 t⋅a -1 ), vegetable materials (3,070 t⋅a -1 ), grease separator contents and flotation tailings (3,040 t⋅a -1 ), pastry waste (1,400 t⋅a -1 ), and miscellaneous (dairy wastewater, potato waste, old bread grain sieving waste, 170 t⋅a -1 ) OLR: 2.8 kg VS⋅m − 3 ⋅ d -1 HRT: 29 d Excessive foaming event accompanied by a decrease of 50% in biogas production Higher concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and calcium Prohibited chloride-containing disinfectants were used in the restaurant, which entered into the grease separator contents – Thermophilic conditions, one-stage with one reactor (3,600 m 3 ) Feeding substrate: waste and sludge from potato processing (36,500 t⋅a -1 ) OLR: 2.8 kg VS⋅m − 3 ⋅ d -1 HRT: 36 d Agitation: recirculation Long-term foaming at the start-up stage with decreased biogas production Excessive foam formation during the full-load stage Due to new digestate processing, the phosphate concentration in the sewage sludge fed to the digester increased Pumping water into the digester led to a considerable reduction in temperature Used a starvation diet and pumped water into the digester Excessive foaming was so serious that the reactors had to be pumped out and re-inoculated Mesophilic conditions, two-stage (with open mash and hydrolysis stage) Feeding substrates: grain waste products (22,800 t⋅a -1 ) and grease separator contents (1,200 t⋅a -1 ) HRT: 30–35 d Agitation: hydraulic Very high concentration of ammonium-nitrogen Occurrence of foaming at all process stages Grain waste products are rich in protein, and the recirculation of digestate may have contributed to the accumulation of ammonium in the reactor The application of anti-foaming agents was not successful; therefore, all stages were equipped with stirrers that operated continuously a VFAs, Volatile fatty acids; b HRT, Hydraulic retention time; c C/N, Carbon to nitrogen ratio; d LCFAs, Long chain fatty acids; e OLR, Organic loading rate; f PFR, Plug- flow reactor; g CSTR, Continuous stirred tank reactor; D. Wu et al. Fuel 303 (2021) 121282 6 plants co-digesting animal manure and energy crops [45] . The strategy of anaerobic co-digestion is essential for a plant’s economy; however, as mentioned in Table 1 , mixed feedstock of different types from various sources are usually extremely complex and contain several compounds that can result in either successful process optimization or disturbances in biogas production if not handled properly [11,44,46] . The subsequent impact of feedstock changes on the AD process is mainly reflected in changes in degradation characteristics and toxic inhibition. For example, as reported by Nielsen and Angelidaki [11] and Moeller et al. [39] , the addition of blood or rye groats led to an indirect increase in OLR and an immediate significant increase in VFA concentration caused by the fast utilization of this highly biodegradable substrate, and process instability occurred as a result. Moreover, extra added grain husks, which are rich in protein, and grease and cooking oil, which are rich in lipids, were used in Moeller et al. [39] and Moeller and G¨orsch [12] , and all of these materials have been classified as foaming agents. These ionizable structures contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic available ends, so the produced biogas is retained at the reactor liquid interface, and this increase in gas holdup eventually results in rapid expansion events [47,48] . Thus, the degradation characteristics of these biochemical compounds under high OLR operating conditions or following sudden addition to a reactor are positively associated with the causation and enhancement of foaming incidents. In addition, toxic inhibition may also be induced during the release of certain compounds from additional substrates. According to further analysis of the cases reported by Nielsen and Angelidaki [11] , Lienen et al. [40] , and Moeller and G¨orsch [12] , the addition of lipid-rich substrates can produce large amounts of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). LCFAs are commonly reported to be toxic to anaerobic mi- croorganisms, even at low concentrations [49] . Similarly, ammonia- induced perturbation of anaerobic digesters often appears concur- rently with increased loading or the sudden addition of a large amount of ammonia-rich organic substrate. In the cases reported by Nielsen and Angelidaki [11,38] , process instability was mainly caused by the inhibitory effect of free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) released during pro- tein hydrolysis and the breakdown of urea in the supplemented blood or waste from mink farms. It is generally accepted that a high concentra- tion of ammonium (NH 4 + ) can inhibit the synthesis of methanogenic enzymes and FAN can diffuse passively into bacterial cells, causing proton imbalance or potassium deficiency, the latter of which is widely considered to be the primary cause of ammonia inhibition [50,51] . As emphasized by these reported cases, no practical evaluation of the degradability/toxicity of new substrates is performed prior to their addition to reactors. Consequently it is unknown whether the extra substrate is suitable for the current AD process and/or in which amounts it is applicable. However, proper evaluation and analysis of a substrate prior to its addition may allow precautionary countermeasures to be taken in advance. It is generally regarded that those critical substrates should be omitted in the best-case scenario and if it is not possible to entirely exclude those substrates, it is recommended to be added to the biogas digesters in small doses, allowing a long period of adaptation with careful process monitoring [11,39] . Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the types and biochemical characteristics of feedstock plays a critical role in preventing process instability and optimizing AD systems, and additional focus should be placed on feedstock evaluation and monitoring during the daily man- agement of commercial biogas plants. Commonly used parameters for monitoring feeding substrates are summarized in Table 3 . Unfortu- nately, it remains difficult for most commercial biogas plants to achieve online/in-situ monitoring and analysis of feedstock with equipment and methods that are currently available at an acceptable cost [52] . Considering this limitation, external laboratory testing is recommended Download 1.11 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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