Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
Fig. 2. Commonly reported causes of process instability of medium- and large-scale biogas plants. Table 3
Download 1.11 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
1-s2.0-S0016236121011613-main
Fig. 2. Commonly reported causes of process instability of medium- and large-scale biogas plants.
Table 3 Summary of monitoring biochemical parameters related to the feeding substrate [42,53,54] . Biochemical characteristics Parameters Availability Biogas potential Suitability TS a , VS b , C:N:P:S ratio, content of macro- and microelements, COD c , particle size, pH Digestibility Easily degradable compounds (e.g. soluble sugar, protein, carbohydrate, lipids) Low degradable compounds (e.g. hemicelluloses and cellulose) Undigested compounds (e.g. lignin) Impurities and inhibitors Ash content Organic toxicants (e.g. chlorophenols and LCFAs d ) Inorganic toxicants (e.g. ammonia, heavy metal and light metal) a TS, Total solid; b VS, Volatile solid; c COD, Chemical oxygen demand; d LCFAs, Long chain fatty acids; D. Wu et al. Fuel 303 (2021) 121282 7 as an alternative option. Based on a comprehensive summary of various studies and field investigations, monitoring at least once per week is recommended to obtain sufficient information on the characteristics of feedstock of different type [9] . Furthermore, the frequency of external testing should be systematically planned and coordinated according to the local conditions of the plant and the original source of the feeding substrate, especially extra substrate, if any was added. 3.1.2. Variations in the characteristics of feedstock from the same source The biochemical characteristics of a particular substrate from the same source may also be highly variable. For example, the amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in lignocellulosic feedstock vary among species and due to differences in geographical location, biomass maturation and harvest periods [55] . Moreover, for FW and municipal solid waste (MSW), significant seasonal and regional factors influence biochemical characteristics such as moisture content (MC) and volatile solids (VS) [56,57] . Such objective factors are commonly and predict- ably encountered, and their variation may be prevented from having a significant impact on AD process stability if the overall quantity of feedstock is accurately determined and controlled. In addition, extra attention is required when the service scope of a biogas plant is expanded. Furthermore, for some specific substrates and compounds, pre- treatments are necessary and commonly applied before the feedstock is added to the main digester. However, the application of different pre- treatment methods can also contribute to changes in feedstock charac- teristics. For example, FW is commonly reported to contain a high level of lipids, ranging from 28.9% to 35.5% of dry matter [58] . Lipids represent an energy-rich substrate for biogas production, but large amounts of LCFAs can be generated during degradation. Subsequently, the adsorption of LCFAs onto biomass can result in various operational problems such as biological bulking, flotation and clogging of gas and effluent lines. More importantly, high concentrations of LCFAs produced by lipids can cause acute toxic inhibition to the AD process. For this reason, removal of some lipids contained in FW prior to AD operation is widely accepted as an effective method of minimizing the negative ef- fects caused by LCFAs and enhancing the operational performance of biogas plants treating FW [49] . Currently, high-temperature extraction is widely used in China to remove and recover high-value lipids, after which further solid–liquid separation is applied. Lipids adsorbed onto the raw FW can be moved from the solid phase into the liquid phase [58,59] . According to the Technical Code for Food Waste Treatment (CJJ 184–2012), the recommended temperature for the pretreatment process is generally 95–120 ◦ C, with a pretreatment duration of at least 20 min. However, for the purpose of reducing internal energy con- sumption, some biogas plants apply the pretreatment process with a lower temperature such as 65 ◦ C [60] . The efficiency of lipid removal can be maintained most easily on summer days with a stable and rela- tively high ambient temperature, but in regions with a cold climate, such as the areas in the north of the isotherm traversing the Huaihe River- Qinling Mountain-southeast Qinghai-Tibet Platea, the ambient temper- ature in winter is usually below 0 ◦ C and lipids are consequently adsorbed on FW in a solid form [61] . Liquification of solid lipids is difficult when the processing temperature is relatively low and the retention time is limited, resulting in a significant increase in the con- centration of lipids in the pretreated substrate. Subsequently, their entrance into the main digester also increases the potential risk of pro- cess instability. The influence of pretreatment methods on the biochemical charac- teristics of feedstock has been summarized in previous studies. For example, traditional chemical pretreatment with acids or alkalis can easily lead to extreme pH values, which are not favorable for the sub- sequent AD process [62] . Similarly, melanoidins can be produced by reactions between amino acids and carbohydrates in organic waste at high temperatures [23] . Phenolic compounds and furan derivatives can also be formed during the hydrothermal pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass at a high temperature [63] . All of these refractory byproducts are considered to be associated with reductions in methane potential due to inhibition of the activity of methanogenic archaea in the AD process. Considering the insufficient information regarding the corre- lation between pretreatment methods and process stability at the in- dustrial level in the past, variations in the biochemical characteristics of feedstock caused by different pretreatments can often have an unex- pected impact on the overall performance of the mainstream AD process. Therefore, in addition to focusing on feedstock characteristics immedi- ately after collection, additional monitoring of specific biochemical characteristics of feedstock after pretreatment is also strongly recommended. Download 1.11 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling