Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization
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Table 2
Summary of instability cases in medium- and large-scale biogas plants [10–13,34,37–41] . Country Operational information Performance of instability Cause of instability Countermeasures and results Reference Denmark (Full- scale) Farsoe biogas plant Feeding substrate: mink manure Extremely high concentrations of VFAs a Mink manure was rich in ammonia (> 10 g N⋅L -1 ) Decreased the loading rate and dilution The process did not recover [37] Snertinge biogas plant Dramatic increase in VFAs was observed in reactors RII and RIII Heavily increased loading occurred in reactors RII and RIII since they were available for feeding, while reactor RI was closed down for modification from mesophilic to thermophilic operation The reactors were eventually emptied and re-inoculated Hashøj biogas plant High and fluctuating VFA levels High hydraulic loading – Blaabjerg biogas plant Relatively high VFA levels Addition of a particular organic waste product from the medical industry with a high protein and sulfur content Terminated the input of organic waste from the medical industry VFA concentration dropped to a much lower level Denmark (Full- scale) Reactor capacity of 7600 m 3 and 3 reactors in total Thermophilic condition: 53℃ HRT b : 17–18 d Feeding substrate: manure (362 t⋅d -1 ) and organic industrial waste (75 t⋅d -1 ) Sudden sharp increase in ammonia and VFA concentrations Decrease in biogas production of approximately 32% Organic industrial waste consisted of blood from pigs with a high biodegradability and a low C/N c ratio, increasing the OLR and causing ammonia accumulation Removed the blood from the feedstock Biogas production recovered after approximately 2 weeks [11] Mesophilic conditions Severe accumulation of LCFAs d Addition of tall oil at 6 g⋅L -1 increased the OLR e and had an acute toxic effect on the process Emptied the reactor and re- inoculated with digested biomass – Frequent foaming Loss of 32% biogas production Inexpedient mixing of different waste types led to CO 2 -stripping, but the reason for foaming inside the reactor remains unknown Constructed more pre-storage tanks Foaming inside the reactors ended suddenly Denmark (Full- scale) Reactor capacity of 7600 m 3 and 3 reactors in total Thermophilic conditions: 53℃ HRT:17–18 d Feeding substrate: manure (362 t⋅d -1 ) and organic industrial waste (75 t⋅d -1 ) Significant increase in VFA and ammonia concentrations Decrease in biogas production Occurrence of foaming Addition of waste from a mink farm rich in ammonia. No analysis of the waste was performed by the plant Terminated the input of mink farm waste immediately and replaced it with fresh manure, while continuing to feed with industrial waste. The ammonia concentration gradually decreased through effluent wash out [38] Denmark (Full- scale) Thermophilic temperature: 52℃. Primary reactors: PR1, PR2, and PR3 under the same HRT of 23 d Second-stage reactor: SR Feeding substrate: manures (75%) and industrial waste (25%) for PRs and effluent from the PRs for the SR Excessive foaming in PR3 with a maximum foam formation of approximately 1,065 m 3 ⋅ d - 1 Addition of acidic industrial waste (containing acidic whey) feed mixture and a large amount of chicken manure rich in protein content Low-mixing speed in PR3 – [12] USA (Farm- scale) Hybrid between a PFR f and a CSTR g Feeding substrate: manure (produced by approximately 3,000 cows⋅w -1 ) and cheese whey (35,000 Gal⋅w -1 ) VFA concentration was 9- times that of the baseline Decrease in biogas production of 70% One pump located in the influent pit was out of service for 2 weeks, making the influent material highly inconsistent and stratified Almost twice the volume of cheese whey was received for co-digestion and the corn silage was also doubled – [34] Three on-farm co-digestion plants Decrease in biogas production Addition of thick stillage, a by-product of the ethanol distillation process – Germany (Full- scale) – Formation of foam with small-sized bubbles Changed the feedstock to slaughterhouse waste; thus, the contained proteins were denatured through prior hygienization, and partly or completely hydrolyzed, leading to protein enrichment on the surface and stabilization of the foam – [39] A reported wastewater treatment plant Feeding substrate: contents of grease separators Foam formation inside the biogas reactor Substrates contained active surface agents, which led to a reduction in the surface tension of the biogas reactor contents, such that the produced biogas could not escape and was encapsulated in the form of bubbles on the surface of the liquid – Feeding substrate: waste from a paper mill Formation of foam with large bubbles Very high viscosity and a dry matter fraction of approximately 15% – A biogas plant in Saxony − Anhalt Feeding substrate: corn cob mix silage Foam formation Maize kernels contain a large amount of starch, which increased the viscosity of the biogas reactor contents – Feeding substrate: liquid manure and maize Persistent foam layer over several months Tiny particles of the added rye groats offered a greater surface area for the microorganisms than coarsely ground grain; therefore, the microbes Added several liters of anti- foaming agent daily to control the foam layer Foam layer was considerably (continued on next page) D. Wu et al. Fuel 303 (2021) 121282 5 are provided in the following section. Download 1.11 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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