Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide for performance optimization


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Table 1 
Related approaches and challenges in different domains of the biogas industry 
[17–20,22,25,26]
.
Domains 
Approaches 
Challenges to overcome 
Upstream 
(substrate 
pretreatment) 
Chemical pretreatment (acid, 
alkali, oxidative)

High investment and 
energy demand

Possible formation of 
inhibitory by-products 
Physical pretreatment 
(mechanical, thermal, 
ultrasound) 
Biological pretreatment (fungal, 
enzymatic, bacterial, 
composting, ensiling)

Relatively low 
operational efficiency 
Combined pretreatment (steam 
explosion, thermochemical)

Possible generation of 
toxic inhibitory 
compounds 
Mainstream 
(biogas 
production) 
Anaerobic co-digestion

Improper mixing ratio 
resulting in process 
instability

Seasonal availability of 
different waste in 
different regions

Extra capital cost such 
as transportation 
Effluent recirculation

Potential risk of 
ammonia inhibition 
Manipulation of OLR, 
temperature, HRT and mixing

Risk of process 
instability

Adequate management 
and precise control 
Bioaugmentation

Might not be effective 
under all operational 
conditions 
NPs

additives (ZVI NPs, metallic 
and metal oxide NPs, and 
carbon-based NPs)

High investment

Strictly control the 
concentrations of 
additives

Risk of process 
instability

Environmental and 
health-related 
complications 
Trace element (Co, Fe, Cu, Mn, 
Mo, Ni, Zn) supplementation 
Downstream 
(biogas 
upgrading) 
Physical technology (water 
scrubbing, pressure swing 
adsorption, absorption with 
amine solutions and organic 
solvents, membrane separation)

High investment and 
energy demand

Need for toxic solvents 
in some cases 
Chemical technology (chemical 
hydrogenation/Sabatier 
reaction) 
Biological technology 
(photosynthetic reaction, 
chemoautotrophic reaction)

High investment and 
energy demand

High risk of biological 
contamination

Need for large amount 
of reductant
D. Wu et al.


Fuel 303 (2021) 121282
4

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