Communication (Sound) same species on various topics of mutual interest (approach) Homo Loquents

Fig. 1 Articulatory Apparatus

• Fig. 1 Articulatory Apparatus

Branch of phonetics:

Branch of phonetics:

• Acoustic : The study of physical property of the sounds themselves
• Auditory : The study why listeners perceive these sounds
• Articulatory : the study vocal tract produces the sounds of language. (organic phonetic: study how the sounds produces organs of speech).

Speaker -> wave sounds -> listeners

(OP) (AcP) (AudP)

1.2 Variation
phonetics is universal, while phonology is language-specific. But things
are not quite that simple.
First, phonologists also attempt to distinguish those patterns which are characteristic of a single language and simply reflect its history, from others where a more universal motivation is at issue. In the case of the absence of *fnil, or more generally the absence of word-initial [fn-] clusters, we are dealing with a fact of modern English.
The same goes for other initial clusters, such as [kn-]: this again
was common in Old English, as in cna￣wan ‘to know’, and survives into
Modern English spelling, though it is now simply pronounced [n]; again,
[kn-] is also perfectly normal in other languages, including German,
where we find Knabe ‘boy’, Knie ‘knee’.
However, phonological differences also exist
below the level of the language: frequently, two
people think of themselves as speakers of the
same language, but vary in their usage
(sometimes you do say tomayto, while I say
tomahto).
If you say the words intemperate and incoherent to
yourself as naturally as you can, and concentrate on the first
consonant written n, you may observe that
different sounds. In intemperate, the front moves up behind your top front teeth for the
this signals two
of your tongue
n, and stays there
for the t; but in incoherent, you are producing
the sound usually indicated by ing in English spelling, with your tongue raised much further back in the mouth, since that’s where it’s going for the following [k] (spelled c).
However, phonological differences also exist below the level of the
language: frequently, two people think of themselves as speakers
of the
same language, but vary in their usage (sometimes you do say
tomayto,
while I say tomahto). This is not just an automatic, phonetic matter:
in
some cases a single speaker will always use one variant, but in
others,
individuals will use different variants on different occasions