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1.2 Functional semantic field of case in Modern English
Case is a grammatical category whose meaning reflects the grammatical function performed by a noun or pronoun in a phrase, clause or sentence. In some languages, nouns, pronouns, and their modifiers take on different inflectional forms depending on which case they are in. English has largely lost its case system, although case differences can still be seen in personal pronouns: forms such as I, he, and we are used as the subject ("I kicked the ball"), while forms such as I, he and we are used as the object ("John kicked me").⁵
Languages ​​such as Ancient Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, Russian, and Finnish have extensive case systems in which nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners change (usually with different suffixes) to indicate their case. There can be several different cases in a language (in Latin and Russian there are at least six, in Finnish - 15). Common cases include nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. A role that one of these languages ​​marks with a case will often be indicated in English with a preposition. For example, an English prepositional phrase with (his) foot (as in "John kicked the ball with his foot") could be rendered in Russian using a single noun in the instrumental case, or in Ancient Greek as τῷ ποδί tōi podi meaning "foot", where both the words (the definite article and the noun πούς pous, "foot") change into the dative form.⁶
As a language develops, cases can merge (for example, in Ancient Greek the genitive and ablative cases merged into the genitive), a phenomenon formally called syncretism.
More formally, case has been defined as "a system of marking dependent nouns by the type of relation they have to their head". [2]: p.1 Cases should be distinguished from thematic roles such as agent and patient. They are often closely related, and in languages ​​such as Latin, several thematic roles have an associated case, but cases are a morphological concept and thematic roles are semantic. Case languages ​​often exhibit free word order, since thematic roles do not have to be indicated by position in a sentence.
Case is a grammatical function of a noun or pronoun. There are only three cases in modern English: subjective (he), objective (his), and possessive (him). They may seem more familiar in their old English nominative, accusative, and genitive forms. There is no dative case in modern English. Hooray!
First one more good news. You can't go wrong here, we got rid of most of our cases and as a result English is simpler than many other languages ​​because nouns and some indefinite pronouns (any, someone, everyone, etc.) have a distinctive case form only for possessive. However, there are a few remnants of Old English and the pronouns have distinctive forms in all three cases and should be used with more care.
But with pronouns, everything is simple. There are only three of them:-
1. Subjective: pronouns used as the subject.
2. Objective: pronouns used as complements to verbs or prepositions.
3. Possessive case: pronouns expressing belonging.

These pronouns, as well as who and its compounds, are the only words that change in all three cases (subjective, object, possessive). In nouns, the first two cases (subjective and objective) are indistinguishable and are called the common case. One result of this simplicity is that, with the case sense almost lost, the few mistakes that can be made are often made even by native speakers, some of them so often that they are now almost correct by prescription.
Case is the form of a noun (or pronoun) that tells us about its grammatical function in a sentence.
Note that there are forms and functions.
Various business forms
Did you notice the different forms of the first person pronoun I and the noun poet in the two sets of sentences below?
Set 1
I saw a boy.
The boss called me.
This is my book.
as well as...
Set 2
The poet has arrived.
We called the poet.
This book belongs to the poet.
I, I and mine are different forms of the first person pronoun I and a poet, and a poet are different forms of the noun poet.
These different forms shown above are associated with different functions in sentences.
I is used for the subject and I for the object.
Can't you tell...
*I saw a boy. (* means grammatically incorrect)
* The boss called I.
I, me, mine and a poet, a poet are called case forms. These forms signal to us the functions performed by nouns and pronouns in sentences.
So what you need to do comes down to...
the study of forms and related functions.
Features of English case forms
In English there is no one-to-one correspondence between forms and functions. See how the word poet performs two functions in the sentences we saw above.
There are five cases in English... but none of them today have unique sets of forms.
Nominative case.
Accusative. (for nouns you have the same form for both nominative and accusative)
Genitive
Dative (in modern English, the dative is identical to the accusative)
Vocative case (this case has the same form as the nominative case)
In modern English
The dative case has the same form as the accusative.
The vocative form is identical to the nominative case.
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Now consider grammatical case functions.
The nominative case is used for the following functions:
subject of the verb
subjective object (predicate nominative case)
Accusative
used for these functions:
transitive verb object
preposition object
object of impersonal verb
objective addition
The genitive case is used to indicate:
possession
possession
attitude
The dative case is used for the indirect object of a ditransitive verb.
The vocative case is used when we address someone.
What is important in grammar is to learn the different forms first and then the functions associated with those forms.
The grammatical case is especially important because it is related to the syntax of the noun, that is, its relation to other words in the sentence.
1. The convenient location (nominative case) of the central office (genitive) of the company (genitive) provides customers (accusative) with the opportunity to negotiate (accusative), meetings (accusative), presentations (accusative) and conferences (accusative) .
2. Corporate governance (nominative) is aimed at ensuring the effective development (accusative) of the company (genitive) and maintaining a balance (accusative) between all stakeholders in the company, including investors, employees and suppliers.
3. Creation (nominative) of a favorable environment (accusative) for entrepreneurial activity, development, stimulation of business initiative, strengthening the positions (possessive) of small and medium-sized businesses (possessive) are considered as one of the priorities.
4. At present, representatives (nominatives) of industrial enterprises (possessive) are very interested in the activities of vocational schools (possessive), because these schools supply skilled workers.
5. Domestic demand (nominal) is expected to be the main driver of growth, and this is especially true of investment, which is expected to grow by more than 16 percent in the second quarter of 2007.
6. Thanks to a skillfully designed marketing program, the enterprise managed to fully pay off state taxes (namely VAT and land tax) and wage arrears (own) of the employees of the enterprise (own).
7. During periods of hyperinflation, assets (nominative) and liabilities (nominal) are recalculated to reflect changes (accusative) in the general price index.
8. Expenses (nominal values) for the modernization of machines grew rapidly, and in 2001 more than 13 billion dollars were invested in mechanical engineering, which amounted to about 40% of the total investment in the industry.
9. Finally, fictitious firms (nominative) are practically indispensable in organizing underground cash settlement centers, as well as schemes for VAT refunds from the state budget or customs clearance (or transit processing) of goods (proprietary).
10. Financing from the European Regional Development Fund (nominal) and other structural funds is gratuitous support; financial support is distributed through development programs, which consist of collections of funded activities (possessive).
11. Tax regulations (nominative) are subject to numerous changes (accusative), which often leads to ambiguous interpretation of tax legislation and disagreements between entrepreneurs and tax authorities.
12. After the implementation of its strategy, the LOTOS Group (name) will become an important element of the state policy aimed at improving the energy security of the country (name).
13. After the implementation of key strategic programs (possessive), if the accepted market assumptions prove correct, the Group (nominal) will generate high incomes.
14. Foreign investors (nominal) also participate in the activities of the company: two Leipzig energy companies (nominal) are shareholders of the company (nominal), the value of their shares increased by 5 percent in 2003.
15. From the Company's share offering in June 2005 until the end of the year, the share price (nominal) soared 52%, one of the highest (possessive) increases compared to large cap companies.
16. In addition, there is a significant range (nominal) of the value of the reserve (possessive) for land reclamation, according to an environmental expert.
17. GDP growth (nominal) should continue at 5 percent, driven by domestic investment supported by structural funds, foreign direct investment and exports.
18. Goods (nominal values) imported into the territory of the Special Economic Zone (owners) from other countries are exempt from import customs duties and other payments collected during customs clearance (except for customs tax).
19. Higher economic efficiency (n.m.) of the LOTOS Group (attraction.), Stronger positions (n.m.) among European refineries and the creation (v.) of a technology platform (attraction.) are necessary to meet the quality requirements that have developed in the domestic and European markets.
20. Highly qualified experienced personnel (exactly) of the enterprise (exactly) are constantly looking for new solutions, apply modern technologies and cooperate with leading scientific organizations and specialists (exactly).