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1.1 Features of analytism in the modern English language at the level of word formation

As we've already discovered out, English is an instance of an analytical language, in assessment to Uzbek, that is synthetic. That is, in different phrases, the morphological shape of phrases in English is less complicated than in Uzbek.

At the extent of phrase formation, the functions of analyticism in English may be expressed in one of a kind approaches.
In current English, there are four essential approaches of forming new phrases: conversion, compounding, prefixing and suffixing. However, simplest conversion is an indication of analytics.
Conversion is a way of phrase formation wherein some other a part of speech is shaped from one a part of speech with none adjustments withinside the outside shape of the phrase, if we maintain in thoughts the preliminary phrase forms. nine In different phrases, that is the transition from one a part of speech to some other with out converting the phrase shape. That is, the equal phrase can imply one of a kind components of speech. The maximum not unusualplace conversion is for nouns and verbs with the equal spelling and pronunciation.¹
For instance, the noun head is head, and the verb to move is head. Therefore, sometimes, translations of such terms as: Bottle the milk can reason difficulties. There isn't anyt any article earlier than Bottle, so it's miles a verb, and the word interprets to: Bottle the milk.
Conversion relationships can arise now no longer simplest among terms, however additionally among a big variety of phrases, i.e. there may be chains of or greater phrases which might be in by-product family members. A. A. Ufimtseva identifies chains of , three, four, 5 and 6 members, even as she additionally takes into consideration conversion withinside the area of transitive and intransitive verbs, and vice versa:
1) binomial: Verb - Noun: rescue (rescue) - rescue (rescue)
2) tripartite: Transitive verb - Intransitive verb - Noun: mistake (to misconceive something, mistakenly take one for some other) - mistake (to make a mistake) - mistake (error);
3) four-term: Transitive verb - Intransitive verb - Adjective - Noun: trim (installed order, cut) - trim (adapt) - trim (neat, in top condition) - trim (order, etc.);
four) 5-term: Adjective - Adverb - Noun - Transitive verb - Intransitive verb: right (direct) - right (straight) - right (right) - right (straighten) - right (straighten);
5) six-term: Adjective - Noun - Adverb - Preposition - Transitive verb - Intransitive verb: round (round) - round (circle) - round (round) - round (around) - round (round) - round (round).
Ufimtseva additionally gives an outline of those conversion models. She argues that during current English, verbs consistent with the binomial conversion version may be shaped from any noun, supplied that the language does now no longer have a verb shaped from the equal root consistent with the approach of phrase formation.²
In accordance with their relation to the grammatical meanings of transitivity and non-transitivity, they may be divided into:
1) Verbs of intransitive that means, for instance:
The name echoed down the empty passages.(M. Twain) – The name echoed down the empty passages11.
2) Verbs of transitional that means:
An plane become parachuting substances to an remoted post. “The aircraft become parachuting substances to a far flung post.
Transitional values make up a exact majority. Their predominance is explained, apparently, with the aid of using the truth that they are able to explicit greater numerous meanings, because the presence of an instantaneous item opens up fantastic possibilities for clarifying and concretizing the semantics of the verb;
3) Two-valued verbs, i.e. verbs which have each transitive and intransitive meanings and are interconnected with the aid of using the truth that they're the call of the equal movement in its numerous manifestations:
to bankrupt - deliver a person to financial ruin and cross bankrupt
Conversion verbs also are without problems shaped from complicated nouns and complete phraseological terms or loose terms, and that they grow to be compound phrases and get a completely distinct "quintessential design":
The newspaper become blue-pencilled - the newspaper become marked with a blue pencil;
This, notion Gerald, is in which I start to stonewall.(M.Wilson) - Now, notion Gerald, it is time for me to end up like a stone wall.
There are a few observations withinside the literature approximately this. So, for instance, it's been observed that for denominative verbs shaped with the aid of using conversion, the subsequent essential family members of the that means of the verb to the that means of the noun are maximum characteristic:
1. Gun - the verb denotes an movement achieved with the aid of an item known as the unique noun: to mask - to mask, to shelter - to cover, to wheel - to roll, to wire - to telegraph. This ratio is specifically common for instances in which the unique noun denotes a few type of device or device: to hammer - to beat (with a hammer), to hammer, to knife - to stab with a knife, to nail - to nail, to rivet - to rivet, to sandpaper to easy with sandpaper . Something comparable takes region with admire to verbs shaped from the names of components of the frame of someone or animal: to eye - appearance at, to elbow - push with elbows, to nose - sniff, pull together along with your nose, to shoulder - shoulder.

2. Agentive - the verb denotes an movement not unusualplace to someone or creature named via way of means of the unique noun: to prepare dinner dinner - prepare dinner dinner food, to witness - testify. This group, in particular, consists of metaphorical verbs denoting conduct just like the conduct of positive animals: to ape - to monkey, to monkey - to mimic, to dog - to observe at the heels.

3. Locative - from nouns that call a location, verbs are effortlessly fashioned with the which means to location in a comparable location: to bottle bottle, (fig.) hide, to can preserve (in jars), to nook to nook, to ground knock down legs. For example, It can’t be suitable to have numerous questions bottled up inner you (Shaw) - There is not anything suitable in hiding numerous questions inner yourself.
4. Causal (effective) - the verb expresses an movement that reasons or leads to what's indicated via way of means of the noun: to league - to shape an alliance, to match - to choose up, for a couple, to patch - salary, to switch - to sew.
5. Temporal - the verb method to be someplace or do some thing at some stage in the time indicated via way of means of the unique noun: to week-quit - to spend the quit of the week, to winter - to spend the winter.
From adjectives, verbs are fashioned via way of means of conversion much less regularly than from nouns, however, nevertheless, there are numerous them withinside the language. Such verbs "aren't semantically homogeneous: they normally call an movement that generates a nice known as an adjective."16
For example: loose loose - to loose to loose; quiet quiet - to quiet calm down
The phenomenon of conversion may be discovered to various levels in lots of languages, however in contemporary-day English it has emerge as specially widespread. The maximum vital purpose for this will be taken into consideration the characteristic of the English language, which is composed withinside the nearly entire absence of morphological signs of elements of speech in it. They both do now no longer fluctuate at all, or may also fluctuate in derivational affixes.
Conversion, as phrase formation, is carefully associated with the peculiarities of the shape of the English language and its history. In Old English, for the formation of latest phrases, its principal vocabulary, monosyllabic phrases, changed into broadly used, from which new phrases had been created via way of means of affixation and compounding. Thus, withinside the language there had been and are numerous phrases from the identical root, regarding distinctive elements of speech.
The presence withinside the English language of monosyllabic phrases - monosyllabisms, which might be the maximum historical layer of English vocabulary - is the second one signal of analyticism. Monosyllabism (mono ... + gr. syllabe syllable - monosyllabism) - the predominance of monosyllabic phrases in any language. Usually, monosyllabism is blended with polytonic pressure and a regular phrase order in a sentence. That is, those are phrases consisting of set, cut, bill, and so on.
In addition to the presence of conversion and monosyllabisms, a few different capabilities of analyticism withinside the English language additionally stand out. For example:
The presence of verbs:
to present a smile, to have a smoke, to take a appearance
The presence of verbs with postpositives in English:
to appearance at ≠ to appearance through:
to appearance at - appearance at
to appearance through - view
The presence withinside the English language of quotations (characteristic chains):
how-to-speak-English-well-courses - English language development courses.
But now no longer most effective the above phenomena can serve for example of analyticism withinside the English language. After the Norman Conquest, many suffixes misplaced their usefulness and disappeared. In the Middle English period, there may be an alignment of endings. Grammar endings that suggest variations in number, case, and gender emerge as comparable in pronunciation and consequently useless. As a result, a few grammatical classes disappeared withinside the English language. So, for example, the nouns of contemporary-day English do now no longer extrade in cases, however most effective in numbers. Also, there aren't anyt any distinctive established bureaucracy in English, i.e. phrases do now no longer check with masculine, female and neuter genders. The class of gender changed into preserved most effective withinside the non-public pronoun: he, she, it. In relation to the English noun itself, it's miles every now and then stated that it has a hidden class of gender, in view that it's miles found out most effective while changed via way of means of a non-public pronoun.