Consumption and the Consumer Society


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Consumption and Consumer Society

Flexible Work Hours 
One specific policy to reduce the pressure toward consumerism is to allow for more flexibility in 
working hours. Current employment norms, particularly in the United States, create a strong 
incentive for full-time employment, if available. Employees typically have the option of seeking 
either a full-time job, with decent pay and fringe benefits, or a part-time job with lower hourly pay 
and perhaps no benefits at all. Thus even those who would prefer to work less than full-time and 
make a somewhat lower salary, say in order to spend more time with their family, in school, or in 
other activities, may feel the imperative to seek full-time employment. With a full-time job
working longer hours with higher stress, one may be more likely to engage in “retail therapy” as 
compensation. 
Europe is leading the way in instituting policies that allow flexible working arrangements. 
Legislation in Germany and the Netherlands gives workers the right to reduce their work hours, 
with a comparable reduction in pay.
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An employer can only refuse such requests if it can 
demonstrate that the reduction will impose serious hardship on the firm. A Dutch law also prohibits 
discrimination between full-time and part-time employees regarding hourly pay, benefits, and 
advancement opportunities. Some government policies encourage part-time employment 
particularly for parents, such as a Swedish law that gives parents the right to work three-quarter 
time until their children are eight years old. Norwegian parents also have the right to work part-
time or combine periods of work with periods of parental leave. 
Such policies encourage “time affluence” instead of material affluence. Economist Juliet Schor 
argues that policies to allow for shorter work hours are also one of the most effective ways to 
address environmental problems such as climate change.
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Those who voluntarily decide to work 
shorter hours will be likely to consume less and thus have a smaller ecological footprint. 

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