Contents introduction chapter I. Classification of proposals…

2.2. Optional parts of speech

subject

Noun phrases that are part of a predicate are objects. These are the things that the verb acts on. For example :

• 
  I bought a gift _
  
• 
  The dog caught the ball .
  
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  The boy poured milk .
  

The predicate has a direct object . This is something to look for; For example,
the gift is Susan's gift.
Can be an indirect object , which contains additional information about the person or thing to which the action is directed. For example :

• 
  Susan bought him a present.
  
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  to them .
  
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  The man gave him an ultimatum .
  

In the sentence "Susan bought him a present," "he" is the indirect object because he is the person being acted upon, not the item bought in the store.

fill

In predicates that use linking verbs instead of action verbs, the objects after the verb are called objects. Fillers change the topic, making it more descriptive. For example:

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  I am a teacher . _ _
  
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  The cat was the laziest creature .
  
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  young woman looks smart
  

In these cases, the words after the linking verb describe the subject, whether it is a noun, a noun, or an adjective.
To write a complete sentence, you must include at least a subject and a verb. If you combine only one, you will only get a grammatically incorrect sentence .

modifier

Modifiers are words or phrases that describe parts of a sentence by adding additional information. Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Relative clauses can do this in a single sentence or a subject and a sentence. For example :

• 
  The blue boat sank.
  
• 
  The boat gradually sank.
  

In the first example, the adjective modifies the subject, and in the second example, the adverb modifies the simple predicate.

An additional word

Not all modifiers are single words. Sometimes these are groups of words that work together. When these words are predicated and explain how, when, where, or why an action was performed, they are called adverbial phrases . For example :

• 
  in the morning .
  
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  The boy turned to the teacher for help .
  
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  because he was sick .
  

Each of the above adverbs modifies a verb to act as an adverb in a sentence. The first two examples are adverbial phrases - Groups of words that perform the function of adverbs, but do not consist of a subject and a verb. The last example is a subordinate clause that performs the same function but contains a subject and a verb . A subordinate clause is a subordinate clause, not a complete sentence by itself.
Modifiers are optional when writing sentences because they provide additional information and are optional like subjects and verbs. Note that additions are also a type of modifier.