Cross- cultural Communication This page intentionally left blank
Download 1.51 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Cross Cultural Communication Theory and Practice PDFDrive (1)
Definitions of globalization
Globalization has been described as: ‘The production and distribution of goods and services of a homogeneous type and quality worldwide … the operation of dispersed organizations with sales and production units close to markets’ (Rugman and Collinson, 2006: 454). It is the interlinking of national and regional cultures economically, politically and culturally under the impact of international trade and international trade organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and regional groupings such as the EU, NAFTA, Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). If we take the fashion industry as an example of globalization’s effect on working practices and cultural convergence, multinationals such as Marks & Spencer, Gap, Next and Sainsbury’s ‘Tu’ brand source their materials and outsource their production all over the world. Raw materials such as cotton, wool and silk provide employment for workers in less developed countries (LDCs). Alpaca wool comes from South America, cotton comes from Egypt, wool comes from New Zealand and silk traditionally comes from China and Thailand. Their manufacturing process is equally international, as, for example, Marks & Spencer’s products are made in a wide range of countries where local labour is cheaper than in the UK, such as Indonesia, Madagascar, Turkey, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. A pair of jeans will often be the product of several countries, with the design in the USA, cotton from Benin, the pockets from Pakistan, the material being dyed in Spain, France making the zips and Germany the buttons. As a result, a typical teenager’s wardrobe may contain jeans, shirts and belts from China, T- shirts from Peru, a hoodie from Pakistan, other shirts from the United Arab Emirates, Turkey and Vietnam, 210 Cross-Cultural Communication and other jeans from Egypt. After China, Bangladesh is now the world’s second largest manufacturer of clothing. Download 1.51 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling