- NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF UZBEKISTAN NAMED AFTER
- MIRZO ULUGBEK
- FACULTY OF FOREIGN PHILOLOGY
- DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH PHILOLOGY
- CROSS CULTURE
- Theme : Notions of culture
- Group: 201
- Done by: ___________________
- Checked by: ________________
- Tashkent – 2021
Culture: “The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving” (Samovar & Porter, 2003, p. 8) - Culture: “The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving” (Samovar & Porter, 2003, p. 8)
New View(s) of Culture - Structure: pattern, way of life, system of something
- Beliefs, attitudes, thoughts
- Symbols
- “Laundry list”: artifacts, concepts, behaviors
- Function: purpose, in order to, end
- Process: dynamic, ongoing
- Critical: power relations, etc.
- And others…
Structural Definition - “An historically transmitted pattern of meaning embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms” (Geertz, 1973, p. 89)
- “The term culture usually is reserved to refer to the systems of knowledge used by relatively large numbers of people” [i.e., national groups] (Gudykunst & Kim, 2003, p. 17)
Functional Definition - “Culture, apart from its primary function of active adaptation to the environment, has another, derivative, but no less important, function as an exact material and spiritual environment which mediates and reflects the human collecties and among them.” (Tokarev, 1973, pp. 167-168)
Process Definition - “Culture is to be studied not so much as a system of kinship, or a collection of artifacts, or as a corpus of myths, but as sense-making, as a reality constructed and displayed by those whose existence is embedded in a particular set of webs [of meaning].” (Pacanowsky & O’Donnell-Trujillo, 1982, p. 123)
“Power” (Critical) Definition - “Culture functions as an ideology that produces or is based upon a type of false consciousness and works to oppress a group of people; and there is generally an imperative for change that is accomplished, to one degree or another, through the formation of a critical and/or class consciousness.” (Allen, 1998, p. 100)
Postmodern Definition - “Culture, and our views of ‘it,’ are produced historically, and re actively contested. There is no whole picture that can be ‘filled in,’ since the perception and filling of a gap lead to the awareness of other gaps. . . Culture is contested, temporal, and emergent” (Clifford, 1986, pp. 18-19)
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