Demand-oriented biogas production and biogas storage in digestate by flexibly feeding a full-scale biogas plant
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2. Material and methods
2.1. Research biogas plant “Unterer Lindenhof” The research was conducted in one of the two primary digesters of the full-scale biogas plant of the University of Hohenheim ( M¨onch- Tegeder et al., 2015 ). The cylindrical tank reactor with concrete roof has a maximum volume of around 923 m 3 (14 m inner diameter and 6 m height). The maximum electrical power output from the CHP unit is 355 kW. The stirring system of the investigated primary digester exists of two agitators that are positioned opposite from each other. The fast-moving submersible motor mixer (”SMM”, TMR3M110, Stallkamp, Germany) has a rated power of 11 kW and its propeller runs at 128 rpm. The propeller diameter is 1 m and, therefore, the tip speed was approx. 6.7 m s − 1 . The slow-moving incline shaft agitator (”ISA”, Biobull BIOE 114G, Streisal GmbH, Germany) also has a rated power of 11 kW and its pro- peller runs at 30 rpm. The stirrer has two propellers with diameters of each 2.65 m and, therefore, the tip speed was approx. 4.2 m s − 1 . The feeding system for solid matter (solids dispenser H¨ore Combi 4500, Biogas H¨ore GmbH, Germany) allows feeding rates up to 50 t h − 1 . This B. Ohnmacht et al. Bioresource Technology 332 (2021) 125099 3 high rate is important for a purposeful flexible biogas production. The substrates were added near the digester wall and near to the SMM. For sampling the digestate, a ball valve is installed at the digester wall in a height of 3.8 m from which samples can be conveniently taken. Eleven sampling flanges are integrated into the concrete roof ( Lemmer et al., 2013 ) which can be used in future experiments to investigate the mixing quality at different positions. 2.2. Biogas measurement In this research, given volumes and volumetric values refer to stan- dard temperature and pressure (STP, 0 ◦ C, 1 bar, assuming ideal gas conditions), unless otherwise stated. Volumetric gas flow rate (GDR300 in combination with Gas Monitor GDR 1404, Esters Elektronik, Ger- many), gas temperature (Pt-1000 Fühler, Wagner & Co Solartechnik GmbH, Germany) and gas pressure (Vegabar 53, VEGA, Germany) were measured simultaneously at the same place in the outlet gas pipe to the second step digester. The chemical composition of the produced biogas was determined automatically at the gas outlet of the digester with a BiogasAnalysator InCaBio04 (Union Instruments GmbH, Germany) after the biological removal of H 2 S. Since the gas was dried before the respective analysis, the measured values of the component’s molar fractions must be corrected by assuming that the biogas stream is water vapor-saturated and dried afterwards: x i,wet = x i,dry ( 1 − p s H 2 O ( ϑ )/ p ) (1) where x i,wet is the calculated molar concentration of component i in the saturated biogas, x i,dry is the measured concentration of i after drying, p s H 2 O ( ϑ) is the water vapour pressure at temperature ϑ of the wet gas flow and p is the pressure of the volumetric wet gas flow. Previous in- vestigations showed ( Ohnmacht et al., 2019 ) that the influence of the biological removal of H 2 S by air-insertion on the measured gas flow and on the measured concentrations can be neglected. 2.3. Dilution of the Digestate During the experiments, the digestate was diluted with a mixture of rain water and digestate in order to lower its viscosity. This evidently results in an decrease of the dry matter content (DM). By assuming a constant reaction volume, the densities of the added mixture and of the digestate to be very similar and the DM of the mixture to be near zero, the lowering of the DM inside the digester can be estimated by: DM ama = ( 1 − Δx V ) DM bma (2) where DM ama is the dry matter content of the digestate after mixture addition, DM bma is the dry matter content of the digestate before mixture addition and Δx V is the ratio of interchanged digestate volume. In analogy, by assuming the viscosity of the mixture to be several magni- tudes lower than the digestate’s viscosity, the lowering can be estimated in first approximation by: η ama = ( 1 − Δx V ) η bma (3) where η ama is the viscosity of the digestate after mixture addition and η bma is the viscosity of the digestate before mixture addition. 2.4. Experimental setup, schedule, parameters and substrates Substrate type, mixing times and digestate viscosity were varied to investigate their influence on the biogas assimilation in the digestate and on the biogas production. During the experiments, feeding to maintain a consistent methane production of 800 m 3 d − 1 was attempted. Therefore, either maize silage (6500 kg, assumed oDM: 35% and assumed methane potential related to oDM: 350 l kg − 1 ) or wheat grist (2500 kg, assumed oDM: 84% and assumed methane potential: 380 l kg − 1 ) was fed once a day. The values for oDM and methane potential were derived from internal long-term investigations. The stirrers were operated simoulteanously at on–off-intervals of 15 min, where the on- time within an interval was at either 10%, 30%, 50%, 80% or 100%. However, one hour before feeding, the digester was mixed non-stop to ensure equal conditions before each trial. The investigations were con- ducted in two viscosity blocks. Table 1 and 2 summarize the experi- mental setup. In order to keep the viscosity low in the second block, 6 m 3 of liquid cow-and-cattle manure were added after each trial day. The energy content in form of the methane yield of the added manure was around 45 l d − 1 (assumed oDM: 3% and assumed methane potential: 250 l kg − 1 ), thus around 20 times lower than the theoretical energy content of the solid substrates and, therefore, could be neglected compared to the maize and wheat feeding. The volume of the digestate (liquid and solid material, excluding the biogas component in the digestate) was around 700 m 3 in the experiments. This results theoretically in a targeted average hydraulic retention time (HRT) of around 90 days (first block: 146 days, second block: 65 days). The theoretically targeted average OLR was around 3.143 kg m − 3 d − 1 . The particle size of maize silage was between 2.3 mm (Q 3,10 ) and 20.0 mm (Q 3,90 ). In the case of wheat grist, the particle size was between 0.3 mm and 4.5 mm. The realized daily substrate addition summed up to the following amounts: Maize silage: 5800 kg ± 250 kg (only considering the maize days), wheat grist: 3100 kg ± 100 kg (only considering the wheat days), liquid cow-and-cattle manure (only considering the trial days in block two): 5.20 m 3 ± 1.25 m 3 . This results in an actual average HRT of around 97 days (block one: 141 days, block two: 74 days). Due to the addition of liquid manure in the second block, the respective HRT was lower in trial weeks L - P. The actual average OLR was around 3.225 kg m − 3 d − 1 (block one: 3.269 kg m − 3 d − 1 , block two: 3.181 kg m − 3 d − 1 ). DM and oDM were determined weekly according to DIN 38414-S2 and DIN 38414-S3, respectively. Approximately 100 g of matter was analysed for each sample. During the startup, a DM was 10.69% ± 0.14% and oDM 8.30% ± 0.11%. In block one, these values stayed constant at 10.67% ± 0.16% and 8.23% ± 0.18%, respectively. For block two, these values were lowered by dilution with a mixture of rain water and manure to values of 8.29% ± 0.20% and 6.46% ± 0.11%, respectively. The order of the real decrease (roughly 1/4) matches with the expected decrease derived from Eq. (3) (roughly 1/3). The temperature of the digestate was measured in the middle of the reactor at heights of 0.6 m, 3.0 m and 4.6 m, respectively. Further sensors were placed on the wall at heights of 0.25 m, 3.0 m and 4.6 m, respectively. During the experiment, the temperature difference be- tween the six sensors was under the detection limit. Therefore, one averaged temperature is suitable to describe the digestate temperature. Download 1.63 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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