Democracy or Republic

Fritz Haber (1868 - 1934)

Shuningdek, u yonish reaktsiyalari, oltinni dengiz suvidan ajratish, adsorbsion effektlar va elektrokimyo tadqiqotlarida faol qatnashgan. Uning ishining katta qismi 1911 yildan 1933 yilgacha Berlin-Dalemdagi Fizika va Elektrokimyo institutida qilingan. Haber Birinchi Jahon urushida kimyoviy urushning rivojlanishida katta rol o'ynagan. Ushbu ishning bir qismi changni yutish filtrlari bilan gaz niqoblarini ishlab chiqarishni o'z ichiga olgan. Jahon urushidagi gazlar bilan urush, ma'lum ma'noda, kimyochilarning urushi edi, Xaber frantsuz Nobel mukofoti sovrindori kimyogar Viktor Grignardga qarshi chiqdi. Uning xotini Ypresda xlorning birinchi ishlatilishini shaxsan o'zi nazorat qilganidan so'ng, uning zaharli gaz ustida ishlashiga qarshi chiqdi va xizmat quroli bilan o'z joniga qasd qildi. Xaber zaharli gaz ta'sirini o'rganishda, gazning konsentratsiyasi (C) va u nafas oladigan vaqt (t) o'rtasidagi oddiy matematik munosabatni topdi, bu erda C xt = k sifatida ifodalangan, bu erda k doimiy hisoblanadi. . Boshqacha qilib aytadigan bo'lsak, uzoq vaqt davomida past darajadagi gaz ta'sirida qisqa vaqt ichida yuqori konsentratsiyali ta'sir bilan bir xil natijaga (masalan, o'limga) olib kelishi mumkin. Ushbu munosabatlar Xaberning qoidasi sifatida tanilgan. Xaber gaz urushini g'ayriinsoniy degan ayblovlardan himoya qilib, o'lim har qanday usul bilan bo'lmasin o'lim ekanligini aytdi. 20-asrning 20-yillarida u insektitsid sifatida, ayniqsa, don do'konlarida fumigant sifatida, keyinchalik konsentratsion lagerlarda ishlatilgan siyanidli gaz formulasini Zyklon B ni ishlab chiqdi. Yahudiy bo'lgani uchun u 1934 yilda fashistlar tomonidan ko'chib ketishga majbur bo'lgan. Xaber vatanparvar nemis edi, u birinchi jahon urushidagi xizmatidan faxrlanib, u uchun bezatilgan edi. Natsistlar rejimi uni haqoratlash paytida uning nemis sanoatiga qo'shgan ulkan hissalari e'tiborsiz qoldirilganligi haqidagi yangi haqiqatni engish uchun kurashdi. U og'ir kasallikdan so'ng Bazelda surgunda vafot etdi.

U Germaniyaning Breslau shahrida tug'ilgan va 1886 yildan 1891 yilgacha Xaydelberg universitetida Robert Bunsen, Berlin universitetida A.V. Xoffman guruhida va Sharlottenburg texnik kollejida (hozirgi Berlin texnika universiteti) tahsil olgan. Karl Liberman qo'l ostida. U 1901 yilda Klara Immervaxr bilan turmush qurgan. O'zining akademik karerasini boshlashdan oldin u otasining kimyoviy biznesida va Tsyurixdagi Texnologiya institutida Georg Lunge bilan birga ishlagan. 1894 yildan 1911 yilgacha Karlsrue shahrida bo'lganida u va Karl Bosch Xaber jarayonini ishlab chiqdilar, bu esa yuqori harorat va yuqori bosim sharoitida vodorod va atmosfera azotidan ammiakning katalitik hosil bo'lishi. 1918 yilda u ushbu ishi uchun kimyo bo'yicha Nobel mukofotini oldi. Haber-Bosch jarayoni sanoat kimyosida muhim voqea bo'ldi, chunki Chili asosiy ishlab chiqaruvchi bo'lgan azotli mahsulotlar, masalan o'g'it, portlovchi moddalar va kimyoviy xom ashyolarni tabiiy konlardan, xususan natriy nitrat ('Caliche') dan ajraldi. . To'satdan arzon azotli o'g'itlarning mavjudligi Maltusiya falokati yoki aholi inqirozining oldini olishga xizmat qiladi.

With the coming of World War I, Haber wholeheartedly devoted theresources of his research institute to meeting Germany’s wartime demands for chemical products and synthetic substitutes. Most of his published work during this period concerned the refinement of ammonia synthesis. When coupled with German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald’s process for the oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid, the combined process held the key not only to fertilizer and food production but also to the synthesis of nitrates and other explosives essential to modern warfare. Requests from the military for possible tear gases and other irritants led Haber to propose the use of chlorine gas as a chemical weapon, a suggestion first tried at Ypres, France, in April 1915. The use of gas-warfare agents rapidly increased on both sides of the conflict, and by 1916 Haber found himself acting as chief of Germany’s Chemical Warfare Service. After the war, Haber was severely criticized and in some cases even ostracized for his involvement in the gas-warfare program. As for his role in ammonia synthesis, it was argued that the cutting off of Germany’s access to natural nitrate deposits in northern Chile by the British Royal Navy would have ended the war within a few months had not the ammonia process given Germany the ability to make its own nitrates and explosives. These criticisms overlooked the positive role of the synthesis in fertilizer production and the fact that British, French, and American chemists were more than willing to develop poison-gas agents and explosives for their own governments.

Keyingi o'n yil ichida ko'plab boshqa elektrokimyoviy tadqiqotlar olib borildi. Bular orasida uning qattiq tuzlarning elektrolizida (1904), katodda kinon-gidrokinon muvozanatini o'rnatishga bag'ishlangan ishlari, bu suyuqlikning kislotaliligini aniqlash uchun Biilmanning xinhidron elektrodiga asos solgan; ammo Xaber Cremer bilan hamkorlikda hozirda keng qo'llaniladigan xuddi shu maqsadlar uchun shisha elektrodni ixtiro qildi. Bu Xaberni fiziologlar uchun katta qiziqish uyg'otgan qattiq elektrolitlar va ularning suvli eritmalari o'rtasida yuzaga keladigan potentsial farqlar bo'yicha birinchi eksperimental tekshiruvlarni o'tkazishga olib keldi.

1905 yilda u texnik gaz reaktsiyalarining termodinamikasiga bag'ishlangan kitobini nashr etdi, unda katalizator sifatida temir yordamida 1000 ° C haroratda N2 va H2 dan oz miqdorda ammiak ishlab chiqarilishini qayd etdi. Keyinchalik u ammiak sintezini sinab ko'rishga qaror qildi va tegishli katalizatorlarni qidirib topganidan so'ng, azot va vodorodni katalizator ustida 150-200 atmosfera bosimida taxminan 500 ° C haroratda aylantirib, erishdi.