Determinants of choice of climate change adaptation practices by smallholder pineapple farmers in the semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana
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Table 4
Multinomial logistic regression estimates of the determinants of on-farm adaptation practices. Irrigation Land fragmentation Adjusting planting date Coefficient dy/dx Coefficient dy/dx Coefficient dy/dx Intercept 0.971 (.255)*** 0.116 (.160) − 0.505 (.256)* Farmer’s Age − 0.017 (.065) − 0.027 (0.05) − 0.037 (.034) − 0.064 (0.03)* 0.105 (.055)* 0.098 (0.05)*** Marital Status 0.356 (.099)*** 0.390 (0.10) − 0.012 (.062) 0.008 (0.06) 0.377 (.100)*** 0.436 (0.10)*** Gender − 0.065 (.077) − 0.067 (0.08) 0.061 (.048) 0.067 (0.05) − 0.031 (.078) − 0.038 (0.07) Education − 0.268 (.048)*** − 0.284 (0.07)*** 0.042 (.030) 0.018 (0.05) 0.207 (.048)*** − 0.435 (0.07)*** Farmer household size − 0.115 (.069)* 0.018 (0.05) − 0.083 (.037)** 0.057 (0.03)* − 0.15 (.059)** 0.232 (0.05)*** Average distance − 0.001 (.135) − 0.225 (0.08)*** − 0.026 (.084) − 0.113 (0.05)** 0.445 (.135)*** − 0.325 (0.07)*** Access to credit − 0.428 (.115)*** − 0.007 (0.13) 0.147 (.047)** − 0.037 (0.08) − 0.074 (.116) 0.453 (0.13)*** Land ownership type − 0.22 (.109)** − 0.419 (0.11)*** 0.107 (.068) 0.160 (0.07)** − 0.143 (.10) − 0.078 (0.11) Literacy 0.308 (.106)*** 0.014 (0.04) 0.086 (.067) − 0.037 (0.03) 0.296 (.107)*** 0.040 (0.04) Access to extension services 0.036 (.039) − 0.082 (0.05) − 0.039 (.025) − 0.024 (0.03) 0.079 (.039)** − 0.012 (0.05) Quality of extension service − 0.074 (.054) − 0.209 (0.11)* − 0.013 (.034) 0.108 (0.07) − 0.004 (.054) − 0.133 (0.104) Quality of climate information 0.248 (.072)*** 0.333 (0.10)*** 0.039 (.045) 0.103 (0.07) 0.382 (.072)*** 0.338 (0.10)*** Awareness [Base category: Moderate] 1. Strong Awareness Level − 0.532 (.141)*** − 0.459 (0.14)*** 0.342 (.088)*** 0.375 (0.09)*** 0.543 (.141)*** 0.643 (0.14)*** 2. Low Awareness Level − 0.475 (.150)*** − 0.419 (0.15)*** 0.342 (.094)*** 0.376 (0.09)*** 0.138 (.151) 0.199 (0.15) Improved varieties Soil conservation Crop diversification Coefficient dy/dx Coefficient dy/dx Coefficient dy/dx Intercept 0.444 (.277) 1.048 (.175)*** 0.055 (.323) Farmer’s Age 0.135 (.60)** 0.117 (0.06)* 0.097 (.038)** 0.090 (0.04)** 0.25 (.069)*** 0.279 (0.07)*** Marital Status − 0.072 (.108) − 0.030 (0.11) − 0.152 (.068)** − 0.132 (0.07)* − 0.528 (.126)*** − 0.592 (0.12)*** Gender − 0.091 (.084) − 0.095 (0.08) − 0.037 (.053) − 0.039 (0.052) 0.421 (.098)*** 0.413 (0.09)*** Education 0.148 (.052)*** − 0.184 (0.08)** 0.091 (.033)*** − 0.009 (0.05) 0.181 (.061)*** 0.354 (0.088)*** Farmer household size − 0.047 (.064) 0.167 (0.05)*** − 0.023 (.04) 0.099 (0.03)*** 0.395 (.075)*** 0.222 (0.06)*** Average distance − 0.252 (.146)* − 0.120 (0.08) − 0.324 (.092)*** − 0.053 (0.05) − 0.545 (.170)*** − 0.662 (0.09)*** Access to credit 0.239 (.125)* − 0.235 (0.14) 0.008 (.078) − 0.31 (0.09)*** − 0.105 (.146) − 0.490 (0.16)*** Land ownership 0.188 (.119) 0.228 (0.13)* − 0.097 (.075) − 0.001 (0.007) 0.164 (.138) − 0.160 (0.137) Literacy 0.054 (.115) 0.136 (0.04)*** 0.024 (.073) 0.148 (0.03)*** − 0.192 (.134) 0.143 (0.048)*** Access to extension services 0.123 (.043)*** 0.173 (0.06)*** 0.153 (.027)*** 0.064 (0.04)* 0.096 (.05)* − 0.007 (0.066) Quality of extension service 0.166 (.059)*** 0.186 (0.12) − 0.063 (.037)* − 0.100 (0.07) − 0.032 (.069)* 0.129 (0.13) Quality of climate information 0.158 (.079)** 0.084 (0.12) 0.002 (.049) 0.038 (0.07) 0.255 (.091)*** − 0.245 (0.127)* Awareness [Base category: Moderate] 1. Strong Awareness Level 0.247 (.153) 0.286 (0.16)* − 0.237 (.096)** − 0.225 (0.099)** 0.174 (.178) − 0.026 (0.17) 2. Low Awareness Level 0.477 (.163)*** 0.490 (0.17)*** − 0.303 (.103)*** − 0.304 (0.10)*** 0.402 (.190)** 0.216 (0.18) Note: Standard Errors in Bracket. Asterisks ***, **, * denotes parameter is significant at less than 1%, 5% and 10% significance level respectively. P. Antwi-Agyei et al. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators 12 (2021) 100140 8 or more geographically separated tracts of land, taking account of the distances between those parcels ( Alemu et al., 2017 ; Bizimana et al., 2004 ). The results show that the pineapple farmers’ awareness of climate change has an influence on the probability of adopting land fragmentation as an adaptation strategy. However, there is no signifi- cant difference in the probability of employing land fragmentation be- tween a farmer who has a strong awareness level (37.5%) and those with low awareness levels (37.6%). In addition, land ownership type has a positive effect on the probability of adopting land fragmentation. An increase in the farmer household size increases the probability of adopting land fragmentation by 5.7%. This result is supported by Shu- hao et al. (2006) who suggested that household size and farm size had a positive impact on land fragmentation and technical efficiency. Land fragmentation is also mostly adopted among young farmers relative to older farmers. This is in agreement with the findings of Liu and Luo (2018) suggesting that older farmers are less likely to adopt land fragmentation because older farmers with longer farming experience are more likely to employ indigenous land conservation practices. The implication is that decisions to adopt land fragmentation are influenced by awareness, farming conditions and individual factors. Institutional factors are less likely to predict the probability of adopting land frag- mentation as an adaptation strategy. 3.3.3. Adjusting planting time Adjusting planting time is a cultivation strategy used by farmers to change their planting time in response to the onset of the rains ( Ant- wi-Agyei and Nyantakyi-Frimpong, 2021 ). The results show that albeit awareness of climate change has an effect on the probability of a farmer to adjust planting time, this adaptation strategy is mostly adopted among farmers with high climate change awareness group ( Table 4 ). The study also suggests other socioeconomic factors influencing the probability of adjusting planting time. First, strong quality of climate information has an effect on the probability of adjusting planting time. This agrees with previous studies indicating that, farmers who have access to weather information such as seasonal forecasts make better informed adaptation decisions and have a higher probability of imple- menting climate change adaptation strategies ( Antwi-Agyei et al., 2020 ; Bryan et al., 2013 ; Hassan and Nhemachena, 2008 ). Furthermore, access to credit also has a positive influence on the decision to implement climate change adaptation such as adjusting planting time, changing cropping patterns and planting early maturing varieties of crops ( Singh, 2020 ). Several studies including Ndamani and Watanabe (2016) and Oo et al. (2017) have reported variables such as access to credit having significant influence on climate change adapta- tion strategies including adjustment of planting date or time. A farmer may have substantial farming experience, but without adequate credit, the farmer will not be able to adapt well to climate change. There is also evidence to suggest that household size, farmer’s age and marital status have a positive effect on the probability to adjust planting time. Previous studies have suggested that variables such as age, marital status, household size, household head, level of experience, etc., influence adoption of climate change adaptation strategies including crop diver- sification, soil and water conservation, etc. ( Danso-Abbeam et al., 2018 ). In addition, the average distance and the level of education have a negative effect on the probability to adjust planting time. The implica- tion is that farmers who reside closer to their farmlands are most likely to adjust planting time. The evidence therefore generally shows the strong influence of individual factors and farming conditions in de- cisions to adjusting planting time. Download 1.61 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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