Dialect - 404 «a» Rafikova(Mukhammadjonova) Solikha
Linguists maintain that:
‘Dialect’ is a neutral label to refer to any variety of a language that is shared by a group of speakers. To speak a language is to speak some dialect of that language
Facts about dialects - All languages consist of dialects (a language is a group of dialects; to speak a language is to speak a dialect of that language)
- Therefore, everyone speaks at least one dialect
- Dialect differences are usually minor and dialects of a language are usually mutually intelligible
- Dialects are geographically, socially, politically determined
Facts about dialects - Some linguists distinguish between ‘dialect’ and ‘accent’:
- Different dialects have differences of grammar and vocabulary;
- Different accents have differences of pronunciation;
- Every user of English uses one dialect or another, and one accent or another.
Facts about dialects - The status of any given dialect is arbitrarily determined (‘A language is a dialect with a navy and army’)
- E.g., Swedish vs. Norwegian
- But dialects can sometimes be mutually unintelligible
- The terms ‘dialect’ & ‘language’ are politically and socially loaded.
A Working Definition of Standard English - A particular dialect of English, being the only non-localized dialect, of global currency without significant variation, universally accepted as the appropriate educational target in teaching English; which may be spoken with an unrestricted choice of accent.
Global Currency for Standard English - Those who use Standard English – whether as their mother tongue or as a foreign or second language
- Are not confined to any single locality or geographical area;
- May be found in any inhabited region of the world.
Standard or Preferred Dialects Standard, preferred, or “prestige” dialects emerge from dialect variation. British English: London dialect, not cockney, Scottish, Irish, Manchester, etc. American English: West/Western Midwest, not Southern, South Boston, Brooklyn, BEV, inner city Chicago, etc. - Spanish: Barcelona/Madrid, not Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, etc.
Labeling Vernacular Dialects - Strong affective associations related to particular labels
- Negro Dialect, Substandard Negro English, Nonstandard Negro English, Black English Afro-American English, Ebonics, Vernacular Black English, African American (Vernacular) English, African American Language
- Latino/a English, Chicano/a English, Hispanic English, Cholo
- California talk, valley girl, surfer?
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