Discourse analysis and grammar


EXOPHORIC REFERENCES (Looking outward-outside the text)


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1. Discourse analyse

EXOPHORIC REFERENCES (Looking outward-outside the text)

  • The referent is not in the immediate context but is assumed by speaker/writer to be part of a shared world, in terms of knowledge and experience.
  • Examples of exophora can be words like I, mine, you, we, which point to things (the speakers or the speakers’ possessions) in the environment in which a text occurs.

ENDOPhORIC REFERENCES

  • References to elements in the text are called Endophoric references.
  • Endophoric referencing can be divided into two areas:
  • Anaphoric
  • Cataphoric

ANAPHORIC (backward references)

  • ANAPHORIC (backward references)
  • Refers to any reference that “points backward” to previously mentioned information in text. Usually items such: as he/ she or them, it this, can be decoded without major difficulty.
  • E.g. Jane likes ice cream but Anne can’t eat it.
  • The teacher asked Said to read so he read.
  • CATAPHORIC (forward references)
  • Refers to any reference that “points forward” to information that will be presented later in the text.
  • E.g. When I met her, Sarah looked ill.
  • Here is the news. The Prime Minister…..

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