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Notes
 1. Chidolue, Nwajuaku, and Okonkwo 2013. 
 2. Ochayi, Chris. 2016. “FG Set to Rehabilitate Enugu-Onitsha Expressway.” 
Vanguard, September 19. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/09 
/ fg-set-rehabilitate-enugu-onitsha-expressway/.
 3. Gagne, David. 2017. “Contracts Awarded to Honduras 
Drug Clan Illustrate Cyclical Corruption.” InSight Crime, 
March 9. https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis 
/ contracts-awarded-honduran-drug-caln-illustrate-cyclical-corruption/.
 4. European Commission, DG Enterprise and Industry 2014. 
 5. These and other OECD statistics on public procurement can be accessed 
at http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=78413. 
 6. Djankov, Simeon, Asif Islam, and Federica Saliola. 2016. 
“How Large Is Public Procurement in Developing Countries.” 
Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIEE) Realtime Economic 
Issues Watch (blog), November 7. https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime 
-economic-issues -watch /how-large-public-procurement-developing-countries.
 7. Djankov, Islam, and Saliola 2016. 
8. Ades and Di Tella 1997; Bardhan 1997; Rose-Ackerman 1996a; 
Rose-Ackerman 1996b.
 9. Iimi 2006; Galletta, Jametti, and Redonda 2015; Onur, Özcan, and Ta
ş 2012; 
Soraya 2009. 
10. Coviello and Mariniello 2014; Pavel and Si
čáková-Beblavá 2013.
11. Knack, Biletska, and Kacker 2017. 
12. Auriol 2006. 
13. World Bank 2012.
14. Wells 2013. 
15. Kenny 2009. 
16. Kenny 2009.
17. Collier, Kirchberger, and Söderbom 2015; Wells 2013.
18. Flyvbjerg, Garbuio, and Lovallo 2009. 
19. Flyvbjerg, Bruzelius, and Rothengatter 2003.
20. Chong and Hopkins 2016. 
21. Flyvbjerg 2017; Chong and Hopkins 2016.
22. Chong and Hopkins 2016.
23. Decarolis and Palumbo 2015. 
24. Bertók 2005.
25. Kinsey 2004.
26. See red flags 8 and 9 at of the World Bank Group’s “Most Common Red 
Flags of Fraud and Corruption” at https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/unit 
/ sanctions-system/osd/brief/common-red-flags-of-fraud-and-corruption-in 
-procurement; Dudkin and Välilä 2006.
27. See red flag 10 at https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/unit/sanctions -system 
/osd/brief / common-red-flags-of-fraud-and-corruption-in-procurement.
28. Campos and Pradhan 2007.

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