Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV intra-operative x-ray source: Implications for use in a clinical trial for treatment of low-risk breast cancer
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I. INTRODUCTION
Intra-operative radiotherapy 共IORT兲 techniques using mobile radiotherapy systems offer a means to provide significantly localized doses to a tumor bed at the time of surgical resec- tion. They reduce the need for post-surgical radiotherapy which is a significantly attractive concept for a patient facing an extended treatment period. Concerns abound though re- garding delivered dose distributions, the effect of single- fraction dose delivery, and for low-energy devices, difficul- ties associated with device dosimetry. One IORT device currently being trialed for post-surgical dose delivery for low-risk breast cancer is the Intrabeam de- vice developed by the Photoelectron Corporation 共PeC— Lexington, MA 兲. The device, which has been described else- where extensively 1–5 produces up to 50 kVp x-rays from a near-isotropic effective point source, with that source being able to be positioned internally in a surgical cavity. For the low energy x-rays produced, dose fall-off from the source is extremely rapid providing a high dose to surrounding tissue and sparing of distal tissues. The trial of intra-operative breast radiotherapy with the Intrabeam is testing the hypothesis that localized delivery of radiation to the resection site is at least as effective as whole- breast irradiation in reducing tumor recurrence for select low-risk breast cancer patients. It is well established that provision of a radiotherapy ‘‘boost’’ following tumor surgical resection to the breast substantially reduces the risk of recur- rence in ‘‘low-risk’’ patients. 6 –9 Further evidence supports the concept of applying dose intensification at the primary tumor site. 10 The use of external beam radiotherapy for this intensification leads to the possibility of this site actually being missed. 11 The use of IORT in situ such as provided by the Intrabeam device provides the opportunity to target re- sidual cells much more accurately, and the use of this tech- nique in control of low-risk breast cancer is currently being trialed. 12 Current use of Intrabeam for intra-operative therapy makes use of a single-fraction technique. The rapid fall-off in dose from the x-ray source leads to minimization of dose to distal breast and other normal tissues, though the implica- tions of this single fraction approach for normal tissue mor- bidity and cosmetic effect are topics of consideration for the trial. Because of the rapid dose fall-off from the Intrabeam, dosimetric measurements for the device are difficult as the dose in water can vary considerably across the volume of a detector. In addition, the low energy x-ray beam spectrum is hardened rapidly with the distance in water which can affect dosimetric parameters such as energy absorption coefficients and tissue equivalence of phantom materials. Another con- sideration to be made in an application of the device is the effect of tissue inhomogeneities and the dose absorption in such inhomogeneities. In particular, for the trial of intra- Download 148.36 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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