Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV intra-operative x-ray source: Implications for use in a clinical trial for treatment of low-risk breast cancer
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V. CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study involving the assessment of dose distributions have shown that for homogeneous media, both a Monte Carlo model and a model considering only primary x-rays provide results consistent with measurement. In inho- mogeneous media, however, the Monte Carlo method is re- quired to include the influence of secondary particles. The 2430 M. A. Ebert and B. Carruthers: Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV x-ray 2430 Medical Physics, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 2003 utility of these models lies in their ability to verify measured dose distributions 共essential given the use of low-energy x-rays from an effective point source from the Intrabeam device 兲, to examine dosimetric parameters and to examine the effects of inhomogeneities. The implications of this investigation for use of the Intra- beam in a trial of IORT for low-risk breast cancer principally revolve around requirements for dose prescription, and con- siderations that need to be made during the assessment of trial outcomes. The breadth of dose delivered to what is al- ready a very poorly defined target volume suggests that any form of dose-response assessment is going to need to include consideration of uncertainties in absolute dose delivery, un- certainties in distributions of target cells, and uncertainties in the relationship between target cells and the actual doses they receive. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge the excellent support of the Physics group at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Western Australia. We are grate- ful to Alex Bielajew from the University of Michigan for supplying the spherical user code, to Photoelectron Corpora- tion for provision of necessary information, to Mr. Warren Kilby of the Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital for a discussion on dose prescription methods and for the financial assistance of Curtin University of Technology and Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Western Australia. a 兲 Corresponding author; M. A. Ebert, Department of Radiation Oncology, Newcastle Mater Hospital, Locked Bag 7, Hunter Region Mail Center, New South Wales 2310, Australia; electronic mail: Martin.Ebert@mater.health.nsw.gov.au; telephone: ⫹61 2 4921 1171; fax: ⫹61 2 4921 1138. 1 J. Beatty, P. J. Biggs, K. Gall, P. Okunieff, and F. S. Pardo, ‘‘A new miniature x-ray device for interstitial radiosurgery: dosimetry,’’ Med. Phys. 23, 53– 62 共1996兲. 2 M. Dinsmore, K. Harte, A. Sliski, D. Smith, P. Nomikos, M. J. Dalterio, A. Boom, W. Loenard, P. Oettinger, and J. 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