Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker delta ingegneria ® Milan, Italy 2011 All rights reserved
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141881828-127929606-Tesla-Cold-Electricity
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work at full brightness at the same time (*) • The shunted lamps in the circuit light up at full brightness even with circuit shorted by a heavy copper bar: • current evidently doesn’t follow the bar path (smaller Ω) as normal, preferring the lamp filament (greater Ω). •
(*)
12V 230V 1200V 12V 230V 1200V (*) The Neon tube lights up without usual “starter” circuit (*) The Neon tube lights up without usual “starter” circuit “Cold electricity“: “ “ Cold Cold electricity electricity “ “ : : deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 14 14
The The
“ “ possibile possibile ” ” short short
- - circuit circuit • Ohm’s Law : v = R. i (v = Z. i , where Z: impedance) • It should be v
•
•
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Halogen Halogen
lamp lamp
lit lit
immersed immersed
in water in water
• A striking effect is observed by shunting a lamp to the circuit (right) and immersing
rated lamp lits at its full brightness (*); the same lamp type (left) is working by ordinary AC household mains (230V/50Hz,1~); the emitted light colours are different: the left light is reddish, the right one blueish. (*) some lamp types lit even with broken filament. • A striking effect is observed by shunting a lamp to the circuit (right) and immersing it in water : the 230V / 100W rated
; the same lamp type (left) is working by ordinary AC household mains (230V/50Hz,1~); the emitted light colours are different: the left light is
, the right one
. (*) some lamp types lit even with broken filament . bars lamp water bars lamp water household mains Tesla current household mains Tesla current A SPECIAL FEATURE by DELTA Ingegneria ® :
DELTA Ingegneria ® :
deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 16 16
2) 2)
“ “ Flat Flat spiral
spiral Tesla
Tesla Coil
Coil ” ” bulb bulb GND GND Generator Generator • A good Tesla’s flat spiral Coil (“pancake coil”) [3] shows striking features: lamp emits light and repels the human hand, but attracts a suspended metal strip: • The hand “feels” a kind of “pressure” coming from the lamp. •
Coil (“pancake coil”) [3] shows striking features: lamp emits light and repels the human hand, but attracts a suspended metal strip: •
of “pressure” coming from the lamp. deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 17 17
patent n.649621 for “Trasmitting electrical energy”. •
patent n.649621 for “ “ Trasmitting Trasmitting electrical electrical energy energy ” ” . . A Tesla lecture - about 1890 A Tesla lecture - about 1890 Tesla pancake coil Tesla pancake coil Dielectric longitudinal waves, devoid of magnetic component, emitted from a spherical antenna have been yet observed in past [10] . Dielectric longitudinal waves , devoid of magnetic component, emitted from a spherical antenna have been yet observed in past [10] . deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 18 18
Transmission Transmission of of
energy energy
with with
T.C. T.C.
“Art of transmitting energy in the medium” by only one wire and even without wires: WIRELESS. “ “ Art of Art of transmitting transmitting energy energy in the medium in the medium ” ” by only one wire and even without wires: WIRELESS. neon neon motors motors lamps lamps lamps [1] are lit and electric motors run lamps [1] are lit and electric motors run deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 19 19
L.M.D. L.M.D.
and and
T.E.M. T.E.M.
fields fields
of a of a
T.C T.C
.: .:
(mV, mA) with photomultiplier and iron cored coil: around the T.C. dielectric field “E” is prevailing over magnetic field “B”, which is practically nil. Qualitative measures: LED resonance detector indicates presence of dielectric field whereas compass indicator stands still. Quantitative Quantitative voltage voltage and and current current measures measures ( ( mV mV , mA) , mA) with with photomultiplier photomultiplier and and iron iron cored cored coil coil : : around the T.C. around the T.C. dielectric field dielectric field “ “ E E ” ” is is prevailing over prevailing over magnetic field magnetic field “ “ B B ” ” , which is , which is practically nil. practically nil. Qualitative measures Qualitative measures : : LED LED resonance resonance detector detector indicates presence of dielectric indicates presence of dielectric field whereas compass indicator stands field whereas compass indicator stands still still . . spherical antenna spherical antenna E≠0 E≠0 B=0 B=0 E E E≠0 E≠0 B=0 B=0 mV, mA mV, mA deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 20 20
patent n.685957 for “receiving ENERGY” from a metal plate Original Tesla’s 1901 patent n.685957 for “ receiving ENERGY ” from a metal plate Tesla’s lecture before AIEE - 1891 Tesla’s lecture before AIEE - 1891 Tesla stout bars circuit Tesla stout bars circuit deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 21 21
3) 3)
Utilizing Utilizing electrical electrical energy energy
• Apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by an insulated plate and a series-connected-to- earth neon lamp (i.e. it transceives POWER, not only a weak signal) • Apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by an insulated plate and a series-connected-to- earth neon lamp (i.e. it transceives
, not only a weak signal )
ENERGY from T.C. neon GND GND plate deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 22 22
spherical antenna sferica and an electric motor grounded (only one wire): receives POWER • Variant of apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by a
spherical antenna sferica and an electric motor grounded (only one wire): receives POWER motor GND GND plate sphere (lamp bulb) current RADIANT ENERGY from T.C. deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 23 23
• Conversion of WIRELESS energy GND GND motor motor current current i + 0 rectifier rectifier L.M.D.waves E E sphere sphere motor motor i i L.M.D. L.M.D. waves waves energy energy is is converted converted in the in the rectifier rectifier to to electrical electrical current current for for the motor the motor deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 24 24
4) 4)
“ “ Vacuum Vacuum tube
tube Tesla
Tesla Coil
Coil ” ” • A special feature from DELTA Ingegneria ® : flat spiral Tesla coil energized by vacuum tube with an additional drive coil added to the primary, instead of the spark-gap. •
feature from DELTA Ingegneria ® : flat spiral Tesla coil energized by vacuum tube with an additional drive coil added to the primary, instead of the spark-gap. additional drive coil vacuum tube deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 25 25
The The
energy energy
field field
of a T.C. of a T.C. • Tesla Coil’s energy field lights up a neon tube to its full brightness without wires, that is WIRELESS: transmission of ENERGY, not only signal
• Tesla Coil’s energy field lights up a neon tube to its full brightness without wires, that is WIRELESS: transmission of ENERGY , not only signal
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XMTR and RCVR: a neon tube near each Tesla coil shows that if RCVR coil is first switched on and then
neon tube turns first ON and then OFF whereas the neon of the XMTR turns OFF and then ON. •
XMTR and RCVR: a neon tube near each Tesla coil shows that if RCVR coil is first switched
and then
off the corresponding neon tube turns first
and then
OFF whereas the neon of the XMTR turns OFF and then ON . 5) Mutual effects between T.Coils 5) 5)
Mutual Mutual
effects effects
between between
T.Coils T.Coils
The two T.C.s are communicating ! The two T.C.s are communicating ! deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 27 27
Tesla Coil
Coil resonance resonance frequencies frequencies • There are two different main resonance frequencies f 0 and f 1 , where f 1 = 1,57. f 0 ; for instance f 0 = 1 MHz and f 1 = 1,57 MHz; the relationship is therefore: f 1 = f 0 . π / 2 (π = 3,141…) • There are two different main resonance frequencies f 0 and
f 1 , where
f 1 = 1,57. f 0 ; for instance f 0 = 1 MHz and f 1 = 1,57 MHz; the relationship is therefore: f 1 = f 0 . π / 2 (π = 3,141…) Frequencies relationship expressed by wave lenghts λ : proportional as circle radius to arc Frequencies relationship expressed by wave lenghts λ : proportional as circle radius to arc 1 1 π / 2 π / 2 deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 28 28
produces curious beautiful light effects, like brushes and streamers, in the lamp bulb at top terminal of secondary coil showing different colours [1] . •
produces curious beautiful light effects, like brushes and streamers, in the lamp bulb at top terminal of secondary coil showing different colours [1] . Light effects with a T.C. Light Light
effects effects
with with
a a T.C T.C . . sun sun lamp lamp deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 29 29
Tesla Tesla
“ “ discharge discharge coil
coil ” ” • A peculiar Tesla [1] coil produces curious light effects, not visible by daylight but present and visible in the dark: “brushes” and “streamers”; between the terminals, white electric streams appear instead of blue or violet ones as by usual HV air discharges, which are not felt by hand despite voltage rises to hundreds of kiloVolts, and are felt only if the terminals are directly touched. •
[1] coil produces curious light effects, not visible by daylight but present and visible in the dark: “brushes” and “streamers”; between the terminals, white electric streams appear instead of blue or violet ones as by usual HV air discharges, which are not felt by hand despite voltage rises to hundreds of kiloVolts, and are felt only if the terminals are directly touched. generator generator deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 30 30
A few A few words words about about Maxwell Maxwell ’ ’ s s equations equations • The original quaternion Maxwell’s electromagnetism equations were later modified and simplified with the introduction of vectors by Heaviside and Gibbs”.
• Quaternions have 4 terms: q = a+bi+cj+dk (by Hamilton) • Vectors have only
terms:
v = ai+bj+ck (cartesian space) • Calculation rules are not the same in the two systems , for
instance: - Quaternions have anti-commutative property: i.j= - j.i - Vectors however have commutative property: i.j= j.i - The sum of quaternions q1=a+bi+cj+dk and q2=a-bi-cj-dk gives q=q1+q2=2a which is but a scalar not equal to zero - The sum of vectors v1=ai+bj+ck and v2=-ai-bj-ck gives v=v1+v2=0 that is zero; in other words q1+q2=2a but v1+v2=0 as an example, so: -> results are not the same and so the involved equations • The original quaternion Maxwell’s electromagnetism equations were later
with the introduction of vectors by Heaviside and Gibbs”. • Quaternions have 4 terms: q = a+bi+cj+dk (by Hamilton) • Vectors have only 3 terms:
v = ai+bj+ck (cartesian space) • Calculation rules are not the same in the two systems , for instance: - Quaternions have anti-commutative property: i.j= - j.i - Vectors however have commutative property: i.j= j.i - The sum of quaternions q1=a+bi+cj+dk and
q2=a-bi-cj-dk gives
q=q1+q2= 2a which is but a scalar not equal to zero - The sum of vectors v1=ai+bj+ck and v2=-ai-bj-ck gives v=v1+v2= 0 that is
zero ; in other words q1+q2=2a but
v1+v2=0 as an example, so: ->
deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 31 31
Maxwell ’ ’ s s equations equations in in today today ’ ’ s s differential differential form form are: are: 1/c 2 ∂ 2 φ/ ∂t 2 - 2 φ = ρ /ε 0 1/c 2 ∂ 2 φ/ ∂t 2 - 2 φ = ρ /ε 0 1/c 2 ∂ 2 A/ ∂t 2 - 2 A = μ 0 J 1/c 2 ∂ 2 A/ ∂t 2 - 2 A = μ 0 J . E = ρ /ε 0 Dielectric flux theorem . B = 0 Magnetic flux theorem x E = - ∂/∂t B Faraday’s law c 2 x B = j/ε 0 + ∂/∂t E Ampére’s law where: E = dielectric field; B = magnetic field; ρ = charge density; ε 0 = dielectric constant in vacuum; ∂/∂t = time partial derivative; j = current density. and “Lorenz gauge” would then arbitrarily fixed as: . A + 1/c 2 . ∂/∂t = 0 So the equations of scalar potential φ and vectorial potential A are: . E = ρ /ε 0 Dielectric flux theorem . B = 0 Magnetic flux theorem x E = - ∂/∂t B Faraday’s law c 2 x B = j/ε 0 + ∂/∂t E Ampére’s law where: E = dielectric field; B = magnetic field; ρ = charge density; ε 0 = dielectric constant in vacuum; ∂/∂t = time partial derivative; j = current density. and “Lorenz gauge” would then arbitrarily fixed as: . A + 1/c 2 . ∂/∂t = 0 So the equations of scalar potential φ and vectorial potential A are: deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 32 32
vectorial potential A e scalar φ , by introducing a “scalar gauge function ψ(x,t)” and the following potentials A e φ A = A + ψ and φ = φ - ∂/∂t ψ it descends that E and B vectorial fields are unvaried; it is therefore possible to choose, instead of former “Lorenz gauge”, the “Coulomb gauge” (in vacuum) that is: . A = 0 And so to obtain for the scalar potential: It is observed that, by the so-called “gauge freedom” in choosing vectorial potential A e scalar φ
ψ(x,t) ” and the following potentials A e φ
= A + ψ and φ = φ - ∂/∂t ψ it descends that E and B vectorial fields are unvaried; it is therefore possible to choose, instead of former “ Lorenz gauge ”, the “ Coulomb gauge ” (in vacuum) that is: . A = 0 And so to obtain for the scalar potential: 2 φ = - ρ /ε 0 2 φ = - ρ /ε 0 whose solution, the “instantaneous ” Coulomb potential associated to charge density, would but violate the “causality” [11] as the variation of such potential would imply everywhere an instantaneous charge variation. The results obtained by two “gauges” are therefore different. whose solution, the “instantaneous ” Coulomb potential associated to charge density, would but violate the “causality” [11] as the variation of such potential would imply everywhere an instantaneous charge variation. The results obtained by two “gauges” are therefore different. “Poisson’s equation” “Poisson’s equation” deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 33 33
equations (where B and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are: B = x A and E = - φ - ∂/∂t A dielectric scalar potential φ and dielectric vector potential A curiously were often considered to be only mere mathematical abstractions rather than having physical meaning. •
equations (where B and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are: B = x A and E = - φ - ∂/∂t A dielectric scalar potential φ and dielectric vector potential A curiously were often considered to be only mere mathematical abstractions rather than having physical meaning. q = a+bi+cj+dk q Quaternions, by use of informatics, simplify complicated manual calculation and allow up to 55% memory space saving, for example in: -
[6] - aerospace navigation Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwell’s equations Quaternions , by use of informatics, simplify complicated manual calculation and allow up to 55% memory space saving, for example in : -
[6] -
Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwell’s equations deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 34 34
According to some physics [7] it would be possible to derive Maxwell’s equations from a single vector potential quaternion, that is: = ( i φ/c , A ) where: 2 Ã = μ 0 J , J = ( icρ , J ) by respect of “Lorenz gauge” it descends an extension of Maxwell’s equations: this implies the existence, besides transverse electromagnetic waves (T.E.M.), also of longitudinal dielectric waves (L.M.D.), whose scalar potential φ is related to its own dielectric field E by the following equation: Application of quaternions in Maxwell’s equations : According to some physics [7] it would be possible to derive Maxwell’s equations from a single vector potential quaternion , that is: = ( i ( i φ φ /c /c , , A A ) ) where: 2 Ã = μ 0 J ,
J = ( icρ , J ) by respect of “Lorenz gauge” it descends an extension of Maxwell’s equations: this implies the existence, besides transverse electromagnetic waves (T.E.M.) , also of longitudinal dielectric waves (L.M.D.) , whose scalar potential φ is related to its own dielectric field E by the following equation: E = φ E E = = φ φ Ã Ã deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 35 35
2 ∂ 2 E/∂t 2 -
E = -1/ ε 0 ( ρ + 1/c 2 ∂J/∂t ) 1/c 2 ∂ 2 E/∂t 2 -
E = -1/ ε 0 ( ρ + 1/c 2 ∂J/∂t ) 1/c 2 ∂ 2 B/∂t 2 -
B = μ 0 ( x J ) 1/c 2 ∂ 2 B/∂t 2 -
B = μ 0 ( x J ) By employ of quaternions and adoption of “Lorenz gauge”, Maxwell’s equations can therefore be reduced to the only two following: By employ of quaternions and adoption of “Lorenz gauge” , Maxwell’s equations can therefore be reduced to the only two following: Introducing generic scalar field Σ , current intensity is: Introducing generic scalar field Σ , current intensity is: J = Σ J = Σ be considered following “gauge” transformation: be considered following “gauge” transformation: be it noted that scalar Σ satisfies following wave equation which propagates with speed “c” in ether [11] : be it noted that scalar Σ satisfies following wave equation which propagates with speed “c” in ether [11] : ρ’ = ρ + 1/c 2 ∂Σ/∂t and J’ = J - Σ ρ’ = ρ + 1/c 2 ∂Σ/∂t and J’ = J - Σ 1/c 2 ∂ 2 Σ /∂t 2 -
Σ = - ( .J + ∂ ρ /∂t ) 1/c 2 ∂ 2 Σ /∂t 2 -
Σ = - ( .J + ∂ ρ /∂t ) deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 36 36
even if charge ρ and current J are not present in a particular zone; this would also explain the working principle of the electric capacitor by also keeping in mind the theories of J.P.Steinmetz [5] , according to whom dielectric field between two conductors wouldn’t only be confined to its surfaces, but it is distributed in the space between them, such as in the case of opposed capacitor’s plates. this would also explain the working principle of the electric capacitor by also keeping in mind the theories of J.P.Steinmetz [5] , according to whom dielectric field between two conductors wouldn’t only be confined to its surfaces, but it is distributed in the space between them , such as in the case of opposed capacitor’s plates. capacitor capacitor This implies that distribution of a scalar wave Σ induces a charge density ρ and current intensity J (having speed “c”): This implies that distribution of a scalar wave Σ induces a charge density ρ and current intensity J (having speed “c”): ρ = - 1/c 2 ∂Σ/∂t and J = Σ ρ = - 1/c 2 ∂Σ/∂t and J = Σ E E deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 37 37
last but not least a quote: - God God ’ ’ s s creation creation is is vast vast
: : a a lot
lot has
has to to be be discovered discovered ; ; last but not least a quote: “The flight of machines heavier than air is not practicable and is insignificant, if not utterly impossible.” - Simon Newcomb, 1902. “The flight of machines heavier than air is not practicable and is insignificant, if not utterly impossible.” - Simon Newcomb, 1902. visit website: www.deltaavalon.com Videos on YouTube: “Wireless power 1 & 2” etc. user: HorizonDelta deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 38 38
Bibliography Bibliography and and references references [1] Dr. Nikola Tesla: “Experiments with AC of VHF and their application to methods of artificial illumination”, 1891 [2] Dr. Nikola Tesla: “On light and other HF phenomena”, lecture delivered at Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, feb.1893 [3] Dr. Nikola Tesla: “The true wireless”, Electrical Experimenter, may 1919 [4] Hugo Gernsback: “Faster than light !”, Everyday science and mechanics - vol.2 n.12, nov.1931 [5] Dr. Charles P. Steinmetz: “Electric discharges, waves etc.”, 1914 [6] Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker et al.: ”Rotazione di solidi mediante
Faculty of Engineering, Milan, Italy, 1990 (in italian) [7] Arbab I.A. & Satti Z.A., “On the the generalized Maxwell
[1] Dr. Nikola Tesla: “Experiments with AC of VHF and their application to methods of artificial illumination”, 1891
[2] Dr. Nikola Tesla: “On light and other HF phenomena”, lecture delivered at Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, feb.1893 [3] Dr. Nikola Tesla:
Electrical Experimenter, may 1919 [4] Hugo Gernsback: “Faster than light !”, Everyday science and mechanics - vol.2 n.12, nov.1931 [5] Dr. Charles P. Steinmetz: “Electric discharges, waves etc.” , 1914 [6] Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker et al.: ”Rotazione di solidi mediante quaternioni” for Elements of informatics, Milan Polytechnic, Faculty of Engineering, Milan, Italy, 1990 (in italian) [7] Arbab I.A. & Satti Z.A., “On the the generalized Maxwell equations & their prediction of electroscalar…”, Omdurman Univ.,2009 deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 39 39
Bibliography Bibliography and and references references [8] J. Nasilowski: “Phenomena connected with the disintegration of conductors…”, Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 1961 (in polnish) [9] Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker: ”Longitudinal dielectric waves in a Tesla coil and quaternionic Maxwell’s equations”, revised and enlarged edition, Milan, 2011 [10] G.F. Ignatiev & V.A. Leus: “Instantaneous action at a distance in modern physics: pro and contra”, Nova Science, Hauppage, N.Y.,1999 [11] Prof. D. Mendeleev: “An attempt towards a chemical conception of the
[12] Dr. Nikola Tesla: “Nikola Tesla tells of new radio theories”, interview with N. Tesla, N.Y. Herald Tribune, 22 Sept.1929.
[8] J. Nasilowski: “Phenomena connected with the disintegration of conductors…” , Przeglad Elektrotechniczny, 1961 (in polnish) [9] Dr. Eng. Roberto Handwerker: ”Longitudinal dielectric waves in a Tesla coil and quaternionic Maxwell’s equations”, revised and enlarged edition, Milan, 2011 [10] G.F. Ignatiev & V.A. Leus:
N.Y.,1999 [11] Prof. D. Mendeleev:
[12] Dr. Nikola Tesla: “Nikola Tesla tells of new radio theories” , interview with N. Tesla, N.Y. Herald Tribune, 22 Sept.1929. * * * * * * deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 40 40
“LONGITUDINAL DIELECTRIC WAVES IN A TESLA COIL AND QUATERNIONIC MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS” Also from the Author (in English): “ “ LONGITUDINAL DIELECTRIC WAVES IN A TESLA COIL LONGITUDINAL DIELECTRIC WAVES IN A TESLA COIL AND QUATERNIONIC MAXWELL AND QUATERNIONIC MAXWELL ’ ’ S EQUATIONS S EQUATIONS ” ” deltaavalon.com deltaavalon.com 41 41
Thank Thank you you for for your your kind kind attention attention ! ! Dr. Dr. Eng Eng . Roberto . Roberto Handwerker Handwerker DELTA Ingegneria DELTA Ingegneria ® ® - - Milan, Italy Milan, Italy - - 2011 All rights reserved 2011 All rights reserved info: info: info@deltaavalon.com info@deltaavalon.com www.deltaavalon.com www.deltaavalon.com On website articles of Author, among which: On website articles of Author, among which: “ “ Tesla and cold electricity Tesla and cold electricity ” ” , , “ “ Wireless power Wireless power - - ” ” , , “ “ Wonderful lighting Wonderful lighting ” ” . . Document Outline
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