Economic Growth Second Edition


Growth Models with Consumer Optimization


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Bog'liq
BarroSalaIMartin2004Chap1-2

2
Growth Models with Consumer Optimization
(the Ramsey Model)
85
2.1
Households
86
2.1.1
Setup of the Model
86
2.1.2
First-Order Conditions
89
2.2
Firms
94
2.3
Equilibrium
97
2.4
Alternative Environments
98
2.5
The Steady State
99
2.6
Transitional Dynamics
102
2.6.1
The Phase Diagram
102
2.6.2
The Importance of the Transversality Condition
104
2.6.3
The Shape of the Stable Arm
105
2.6.4
Behavior of the Saving Rate
106
2.6.5
The Paths of the Capital Stock and Output
110
2.6.6
Speeds of Convergence
111
2.6.7
Household Heterogeneity
118
2.7
Nonconstant Time-Preference Rates
121
2.7.1
Results under Commitment
123
2.7.2
Results without Commitment under Log Utility
124
2.7.3
Population Growth and Technological Progress
129
2.7.4
Results under Isoelastic Utility
130
2.7.5
The Degree of Commitment
132
2.8
Appendix 2A: Log-Linearization of the Ramsey Model
132
2.9
Appendix 2B: Irreversible Investment
134


Contents
vii
2.10 Appendix 2C: Behavior of the Saving Rate
135
2.11 Appendix 2D: Proof That
γ
ˆ
κ
Declines Monotonically
If the Economy Starts from ˆk
(0) < ˆk

137
2.12 Problems
139
3
Extensions of the Ramsey Growth Model
143
3.1
Government
143
3.1.1
Modifications of the Ramsey Framework
143
3.1.2
Effects of Tax Rates
146
3.1.3
Effects of Government Purchases
147
3.2
Adjustment Costs for Investment
152
3.2.1
The Behavior of Firms
152
3.2.2
Equilibrium with a Given Interest Rate
155
3.2.3
Equilibrium for a Closed Economy with a Fixed
Saving Rate
159
3.3
An Open-Economy Ramsey Model
161
3.3.1
Setup of the Model
161
3.3.2
Behavior of a Small Economy’s Capital Stock and Output
162
3.3.3
Behavior of a Small Economy’s Consumption and Assets
163
3.3.4
The World Equilibrium
164
3.4
The World Economy with a Constraint on International Credit
165
3.4.1
Setup of a Model with Physical and Human Capital
166
3.4.2
The Closed Economy
167
3.4.3
The Open Economy
168
3.5
Variations in Preference Parameters
177
3.6
Economic Growth in a Model with Finite Horizons
179
3.6.1
Choices in a Model with Finite Horizons
179
3.6.2
The Finite-Horizon Model of a Closed Economy
183
3.6.3
The Finite-Horizon Model of an Open Economy
186
3.7
Some Conclusions
189
3.8
Appendix: Overlapping-Generations Models
190
3.8.1
Households
190
3.8.2
Firms
192
3.8.3
Equilibrium
193
3.9
Problems
200


viii
Contents

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