76
Chapter 1
The growth rate of capital per worker is still given by the fundamental equation of the
Solow–Swan model, equation (1.23), as
˙
k/k =
s ·
f (k)/k −
(δ +
n)
where
f
(k) =
Ak
α
if
k
< ˜
k and
f (k) =
Bk
α
−
b if
k ≥ ˜
k. The average product of capital,
f
(k)/k, can be measured graphically in figure 1.18 by the slope of the cord that goes from
the origin to the effective production function. We can see that there is a range of
k
≥ ˜
k where
the average product is increasing. The saving curve therefore looks like the one depicted in
figure 1.19: it has the familiar negative slope at low levels of
k, is then followed by a range
with a positive slope, and again has a negative slope at very high levels of
k.
Figure 1.19 shows that the
s
·
f (k)/k curve first crosses the
n +
δ line at the low steady-
state value,
k
∗
low
, where we assume here that
k
∗
low
< ˜
k. This steady state has the properties
that are familiar from the neoclassical model. In particular, ˙
k
/k > 0 for
k < k
∗
low
, and ˙
k
/k < 0
at least in an interval of
k
> k
∗
low
. Hence,
k
∗
low
is a stable steady state: it is a poverty trap in
the sense described before.
The tendency for increasing returns in the middle range of
k is assumed to be strong
enough so that the
s
·
f (k)/k curve eventually rises to cross the
n +
δ line again at the
n
␦
s
f (
k)兾
k
k
k
*
high
(stable)
k
*
middle
(unstable)
k
*
low
(stable)
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