Education of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages english faculty I

Second stage
The second period is the 17th century bourgeois revolution 1640-1660 humanistic sentiments came into conflict with the anti-humanist system. Class conflicts begin. Humanistic ideals continue to live in literature, being associated with revolutionary sentiments.After the victory of the bourgeois revolution of 1648, which executed the king, the English theater was again subjected to persecution, and literature acquired a severe character. The ban on the theater this is a «devil thing».The struggle of the Puritans against the monarchy. Class struggle.The rise of prose. An allegorical depiction of life, a reflection of the political religious struggle.The influence of religion on artistic creativity was expressed in the work of John Donne and «metaphysical poetry».John Milton acted as the successor of humanistic ideas. Poem «Shakespeare» he admires him. In pamphlets, he speaks against the monarchy and for the republic. The poem Paradise Lost is an epic of the Puritan revolution, where the camp opposes God, which reflects the contemporary era.
Third stage
Restoration period 1660-1688 [begins after the death of Cromwell, the restoration of royal power takes place. Charles II Stuart comes to the throne]. The nobility against the Puritans and consequently the restoration of the theater, which was forbidden by the Puritans.Restoration Comedy by Wicherly and Congreve. At the heart of freethinking and wit, ridiculing the stupidity of bourgeois sentiments.
The successor of the ideas of Puritanism John Bunyan. The first novel is The Pilgrim’s Way Human life as a search for truth, which can be found in heaven, whoever goes through all the difficulties will be rewarded with the City of Heaven.
The beginnings of classicism are represented by the work of Dryden, he writes about submission to reason and duty. Most famous are his critical works on Shakespeare and Milton.
The Renaissance in England
The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries are the period of the European Renaissance or New Birth, one of the three or four incredible changing developments of European history.³ This impulse by which the medieval society of scholasticism, feudalism, and chivalry was to be made over into what we call the modern world came to begin from Italy. Italy, just like the rest of the Roman Empire, had been overrun and conquered in the fifth century by the barbarian Teutonic tribes, but the devastation had been less complete there than in the more northern lands, and there, even more, perhaps, than in France, the bulk of the people remained Latin in blood and in character. Hence it resulted that though the Middle Ages were in Italy a period of terrible political anarchy, yet Italian culture recovered far more rapidly than that of the northern nations, whom the Italians continued down to the modern period to regard contemptuously as still mere barbarians.⁴ By the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, further, the Italians had become intellectually one of the keenest races whom the world has ever known, though in morals they were sinking to almost incredible corruption. Already in fourteenth century Italy, therefore, the movement for a much fuller and freer intellectual life had begun, and we have seen that by Petrarch and Boccaccio something of this spirit was transmitted to Chaucer. In England Chaucer was followed by the medievalizing fifteenth century, but in Italy there was no such interruption.
It is difficult to date or define the Renaissance. Etymologically the term, which was first utilized in England only as late as the nineteenth century, means «re-birth». Broadly speaking, the Renaissance implies that re-awakening of learning which came to Europe in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Renaissance was not only an English but a European phenomenon; and essentially considered, it signalised a thorough substitution of the medieval habits of thought by modern attitudes.⁵
The Renaissance development starts with gotten unequivocal course from the rediscovery and gives some thought to Greek writing, which clearly uncovered the unbounded conceivable outcomes of life to men who had been grabbing disappointed inside the presently limit limits of medieval thought. While recently Chaucer was dead the ponder of Greek, nearly overlooked in Western Europe amid the Middle Ages, had been recharged in Italy, and it gotten a still assist motivation when at the taking of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 Greek researchers and compositions were scattered to the West. It’s difficult for us today to comprehend the meaning for the lads of the fifteenth century of this restored information of the life and thought of the Greek race. The medieval Church to start with simply from the brutal necessities of a period of turmoil, had for the foremost portion scowled on the delight and magnificence of life, allowing joy, undoubtedly, to the folk, but as a thing half unsafe, and announcing that there was culminate security because it were inside the dividers.
To the minds which were being paralyzed under this system, Greek literature brought the inspiration for which they longed. For it was the literature of a incredible and brilliant people who, far from attempting to make a separation within man’s nature, had pointed to ‘see life steadily and see it whole who, giving free play to all their powers, had found in pleasure and beauty a few of the foremost basic helpful powers and had embodied beauty in works of literature and art where the significance of the whole spiritual life was more amazingly suggested than in the achievements of any or nearly any other period. The enthusiasm, therefore, with which the Italians turned to the study of Greek literature and Greek life was boundless and it constantly found fresh nourishment. Every year restored from forgotten recesses of libraries or from the ruins of Roman villas another Greek author or volume or work of art and those which had never been lost were reinterpreted with much deeper insight. Aristotle was again vitalized and Plato’s noble idealistic philosophy was once more appreciatively studied and understood. In the light of this new revelation Latin literature, also which had never ceased to be almost superstitiously studied, took on a far greater human significance. Vergil and Cicero were regarded no longer as mysterious prophets from a dimly imagined past but as real men of flesh and blood, speaking out of experiences remote in time from the present but no less humanly real. The word ‘human,’ indeed, became the chosen motto of the Renaissance scholars; ‘humanists’ was the title which they applied to themselves as to men for whom ‘nothing human was without appeal.’ New creative enthusiasm, also and magnificent actual new creation, followed the discovery of the old treasures, creation in literature and all the arts; culminating particularly in the early sixteenth century in the greatest group of painters whom any country has ever seen, Lionardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. In Italy, to be sure, the light of the Renaissance had its palpable shadow; in breaking away from the medieval bondage into the unhesitating enjoyment of all pleasure, the humanists too often overleaped all restraints and plunged into wild excess, often into mere sensuality. Hence the Italian Renaissance is commonly called Pagan, and hence when young English nobles began to travel to Italy to drink at the fountain head of the new inspiration moralists at home protested with much reason against the ideas and habits which many of them brought back with their new clothes and flaunted as evidences of intellectual emancipation. History, however, shows no great progressive movement unaccompanied by exaggerations and extravagances.
The Renaissance, entering northward, past to begin with from Italy to France, but as early as the middle of the fifteenth century English students were frequenting the Italian universities. Soon the study of Greek was presented into England, also first at Oxford; and it was developed with such good results that when, early in the sixteenth century, the extraordinary Dutch student and reformer, Erasmus, incapable through poverty to reach Italy, came to Oxford instead, he found there a group of accomplished scholars and gentlemen whose instruction and hospitable companionship aroused his unbounded delight. One member of this group was the fine spirited John Colet, later Dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, who was to bring new life into the secondary education of English boys by the foundation of St. Paul’s Grammar School, based on the principle of kindness in place of the merciless severity of the conventional English system.
Great as was the stimulus of literary culture, it was only one of several influences that made up the Renaissance. While Greek was speaking so powerfully to the cultivated class, other forces were contributing to revolutionize life as a whole and all men’s outlook upon it. The invention of printing, multiplying books in unlimited quantities where before there had been only a few manuscripts laboriously copied page by page, absolutely transformed all the processes of knowledge and almost of thought. Not much later began the vast expansion of the physical world through geographical exploration.⁶ Toward the end of the fifteenth century the Portuguese sailor, Vasco da Gama, finishing the work of Diaz, discovered the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope. A few years earlier Columbus had revealed the New World and virtually proved that the earth is round, a proof scientifically completed a generation after him when Magellan’s ship actually circled the globe.⁷ Following close after Columbus, the Cabots, Italian born, but naturalized Englishmen, discovered North America, and for a hundred years the rival ships of Spain, England, and Portugal filled the waters of the new West and the new East. In America handfuls of Spanish adventurers conquered great empires and despatched home annual treasure fleets of gold and silver, which the audacious English sea captains, half explorers and half pirates, soon learned to intercept and plunder. The marvels which were constantly being revealed as actual facts seemed no less wonderful than the extravagances of medieval romance; and it was scarcely more than a matter of course that men should search in the new strange lands for the fountain of perpetual youth and the philosopher’s stone. The powerful creatures and occasions of Spenser’s ‘Faerie Queene’ could barely seem incredible to an age where incredulity was almost unknown because it was incomprehensible to set a bound how far any one might reasonably believe.⁸ But the horizon of man’s expanded information was not to be limited even to his own earth. Around the year 1540, the Polish Copernicus opened a still grander realm of speculation [not to be satisfactorily possessed for several centuries] by the announcement that our world is not the center of the universe, but merely one of the satellites of its far superior sun.
The whole of England was profoundly stirred by the Renaissance to a new and most energetic life, but not least was this true of the Court, where for a time literature was very largely to center. Since the ancient nobility had generally perished in the wars, both Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor line, and his child, Henry VIII, adopted the policy of replacing it with able and wealthy men of the middle class, who would be strongly devoted to themselves. The court therefore became a brilliant and crowded circle of unscrupulous but unusually adroit statesmen, and a center of lavish entertainments and display. Under this new aristocracy the rigidity of the feudal system was relaxed, and life became somewhat easier for all the dependent classes. Modern comforts, too, were largely introduced, and with them the Italian arts; Tudor architecture, in particular, exhibited the originality and splendor of an energetic and self-confident age. Further, both Henries, though perhaps as essentially selfish and tyrannical as almost any of their predecessors, were politic and far sighted, and they took a genuine pride in the prosperity of their kingdom. They encouraged trade; and in the peace which was their best gift the well-being of the nation as a whole increased by leaps and bounds.