Education of the republic of uzbekistan termez state university foreign philology faculty the department of philology and teaching languages

Conclusion on Chapter I
Phonetics, the study of speech sounds and their physiological production and acoustic qualities. It deals with the configurations of the vocal tract used to produce speech sounds (articulatory phonetics), the acoustic properties of speech sounds (acoustic phonetics), and the manner of combining sounds so as to make syllables, words, and sentences.
The traditional method of describing speech sounds is in terms of the movements of the vocal organs that produce them. The main structures that are important in the production of speech are the lungs and the respiratory system, together with the vocal organs shown in Figure 1. The airstream from the lungs passes between the vocal cords, which are two small muscular folds located in the larynx at the top of the windpipe.
The space between the vocal cords is known as the glottis. If the vocal cords are apart, as they are normally when breathing out, the air from the lungs will have a relatively free passage into the pharynx (see Figure 1) and the mouth. But if the vocal cords are adjusted so that there is a narrow passage between them, the airstream will cause them to be sucked together. As soon as they are together there will be no flow of air, and the pressure below them will be built up until they are blown apart again.
The flow of air between them will then cause them to be sucked together again, and the vibratory cycle will continue. Sounds produced when the vocal cords are vibrating are said to be voiced, as opposed to those in which the vocal cords are apart, which are said to be voiceless.


CHAPTER II. TEACHING PHONETIC SKILLS TO PRIMARY SCHOOL LEARNERS
2.1. Foundation of phonetic skills among primary school students
In the identical way a pediatrician video display units a kid's bodily health and development, monitoring their popularity and charting at intervals in assessment to others in their age range, basic educators focal point on social, academic, and emotional growth. Educators use recognized benchmarks primarily based on key foundational abilities in grades K-5 to investigate readiness and growth.
A profitable transition from year to year relies on the institution of a sturdy instructional foundation built in the course of the basic years[16,91].
The simple literary, numerical, and social skills on which a child’s schooling is built are referred to as key foundational skills. Skills in these areas are established, refined, and similarly developed as your toddler progresses through each grade.
As adults, we perform tasks that can be traced again to the improvement of key foundational skills. Think about the matters you do every day that require studying and literacy—which couldn't be performed besides mastery of the alphabet and phonics—or STEM fields, like inquiry, problem-solving, and creativity.
Collaborating with coworkers who have a variety of mastering and communication styles, studying the user's guide for a new appliance, or configuring a tip amount at dinner are all tasks that are discovered in phases throughout our early lives all require the use of these skills that are honed in K-5.
You may additionally be wondering, "What should my K-5 child know?" or "What competencies need to my toddler know in every grade?".
What youngsters examine and are expected to understand from yr to year depends on the development and mastery of identified concepts. Here's a simple roadmap of key abilities broken down via grade level:
A student’s critical early improvement in analyzing and literacy starts with key foundational competencies in kindergarten. They are studying the alphabet and producing letter sounds, syllables, and how to sound out unknown words[17,347].
At this stage, your baby ought to additionally be creating capabilities in reminiscence recall, sequential ordering, symbolic thinking, and pattern recognition. Through spatial reasoning, they be capable to photograph 2D objects in 3D and have to be able to comply with steps in a sequence to resolve a problem.²
In 1st grade, your pupil is deepening their analyzing comprehension and phonological capabilities. They need to be in a position to distinguish the components of a sentence—punctuation, the first and closing words, and capitalization and be able to pronounce the initial, middle, and closing sounds (also known as phonemes) in single-syllable words. 1st graders must be capable to decode two-syllable phrases by deconstructing them into syllables.
In the STEM fields, your 1st grader’s abilities in trouble solving and engineering-forward wondering are budding. They may additionally begin to grasp the standards behind air, light, weather, and sound. They will study how to predict the consequence of interactions between objects like throwing a ball at a wall or losing a glass plate.
The thinking of self-motivation might also be growing at any point in early decrease school; students may also be establishing to apprehend short- and long-term dreams and may additionally be prompted to work for these desires if there is a reward or incentive waiting for them[18,391].
One of the most exciting traits for your 2nd grader is that they are now able to study independently for prolonged intervals of time, so chapter books and longer-form testimonies need to be of interest. Responding to questions about the material they’ve simply read—questions like who, what, when, where, why, how—is also a foundational skill of getting to know at this point. Your 2nd grader continues to explore sounding out unknown phrases the use of the phonetic abilities they developed in previous grades. Teachers may information college students via the exclusive functions of writing—creative, persuasive, expository—and introduce the ideas of research and source-gathering.
Simple mathematical functions, like addition and subtraction, are a foundational skill in 2nd grade. Meanwhile, in science class, 2nd-grade college students are exploring the scientific approach and might also be conducting easy experiments, which are honing their grasp of hassle solving and utility of technology. By this point, they may recognize fundamental presentations of data—that’s bar graphs, pie charts, etc.—and what those shows are intended to explain[19,78].
In 3rd grade, the building blocks of phonics expertise and decoding competencies are beginning to take structure in analyzing fluency and, ultimately, comprehension of the material they are consuming. 3rd graders are no longer gaining knowledge of to read—they are studying to learn. Their vocabulary is blossoming. Students are ready in figuring out blunders in writing and making revisions. At this stage, students ought to be able to identify instructions or morals in fables and history.
Mathematical skills are also commencing to take root: third graders recognize three-digit numerals and which numbers are in the ones, tens, and hundredths places. Teachers are encouraging intellectual math for simple issues and helping college students recognize how the fee of numbers adjustments when discussing foreign money or gadgets of measurement.
By 4th grade, your student must fluently examine grade-level text and be acquainted with the concepts of poetry and prose. Years of developing their phonics and phrase awareness competencies capability that they can examine multisyllabic phrases that are unfamiliar to them. Your 4th grader might also be sharpening their lookup and essay-drafting capabilities.

In the math classroom, your child is still reciting and memorizing multiplication and division tables—a foundational talent that stays applicable regardless of the easy presence of reachable technology—and that foundational ability is put to the check in this grade with word problems and multi-step equations[20,175].

In this indispensable closing yr of elementary school, students are furthering the reading comprehension foundational skills they developed ultimate year. When analyzing aloud, 5th graders use a natural cadence, intonation, and pace. They can additionally self-correct, which is recognizing when they’ve improperly decoded a phrase and fixing their mistake barring a teacher’s assistance.
The simple scientific and mathematical concepts that college students have learned in previous years come to existence when they begin to recognize how those standards affect the world around them and their lives. fifth graders apprehend sequences and the basics of building, and now those ideas are now used to sketch new creations or check out problems. This new foundational skill, known as applied mathematics, is used in STEM careers like robotics, laptop science, and coding.
At Laurel Springs, foundational capabilities are categorised into the following categories: government functioning, career, and social-emotional. We comprehend how essential it is that counselors, teachers, and mother and father work together as a group to uphold foundational ability learning progress, starting in decrease school and beyond
"As faculty counselors, we center of attention on the academic, career, and social competencies students want in order to be successful in the classroom and in life," says Amber Barnes, Ed. S., Laurel Springs K-8 Counselor. "Parents are nonetheless a integral part of the schooling team, and should nonetheless be guiding and supporting students, however also encouraging independence as lots as possible[21,395]."
We make positive college students comprehend what equipment are reachable for their use, consisting of virtual appointments with instructors and LSS Live. These equipment assist college students learn to preserve themselves in charge for their very own time management, organization, and motivation.
The skills young people learn in lower college grades are essential stepping stones to the following years. Independence should further increase as college students move through each yr of middle school, and this is additionally the time when profession trajectories will be explored in extra depth: identifying career paths, excessive school direction selection, listening to from guest speakers, and job shadowing.
"At this stage of improvement we choose to inspire hands-on experience and have students slender down their career choices," Amber explains.
You may also also see necessary social-emotional foundation competencies mature in your student by way of their closing year of decrease school, consisting of self-awareness, emotional regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. Students are supported thru the Laurel Springs K-8 Counseling Department at all levels, where they can talk about goal-setting, vanity and feelings, self-advocacy, and problem-solving[22,91].
Parents can also connect with our counselors through the month-to-month Parent and Counselor Coffee Chats to learn how students can be further supported at home.