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Orwellian Genre

When he published the dystopian science fiction novel 1984 in 1949, George Orwell intended it as a warning against totalitarianism and Communism rule. The novel takes place after a war, and the world is separated into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia. The three superstates are still in continual war. Oceania is governed, or rather controlled, by the Party. The Party's leader, Big Brother, has brainwashed the citizens of Oceania into blind obedience. Using propaganda, the Party has created a new language known as Newspeak. In addition to its propagandistic language, the Party maintains control over the people of Oceania through constant surveillance and the Thought Police who monitor people's thoughts. The Party has also organized hate rallies and publicly executed prisoners of war to gain Party support.
The novel's protagonist, Winston Smith, is an Outer Party member who lives in London. Winston works for the Ministry of Truth, and his job is to rewrite history so that it aligns with current thinking. Becoming increasingly bothered by rewriting history for political gain, Winston embarks on a secret rebellion against the Party. Despite personal relationships being illegal, Winston begins an affair with a woman named Julia, and the two meet secretly to be together. Winston has become interested in a group of dissenters known as the Brotherhood and a man named O'Brien whom Winston believes is part of the rebellion. In reality, O'Brien is a loyal Inner Party member. Eventually, Winston and Julia are both caught and taken to the Ministry of Love, which is anything but. They are both tortured and brainwashed. Both Winston and Julia betray each other while they are being interrogated and tortured in Room 101. After this torture, neither Julia nor Winston have any feelings or interest in the other. At the end of the novel, Winston has pledged his loyalty and love to Big Brother.
1984 is classified as dystopian literature. The word dystopia is of Greek origin and means ''not-good place.'' It is the opposite of the word utopia which means ''good place.'~" Dystopian novels explore themes such as anarchy and oppression as in 1984.
In 1984, Oceania has very distinct characteristics that highlight the dystopian nature of the society.
Government Control: Oceania, the society in 1984, is ruled by a totalitarian government. Totalitarian governments have total control over individuals, so there is no freedom; the government also controls all aspects of an individual's life. In the novel, the ruling class is the Inner Party, which makes up the top to three percent of the citizens. The Party, with Big Brother at the helm, has complete control over all individuals and aims to control all thoughts and to control reality. The Party has embraced the philosophy of INGSOC, English Socialism, as a means to control its citizens. One of the ways INGSOC controls the citizens is through the propagandistic language, Newspeak. Newspeak has replaced English and is a way for the government to limit free-thinking from individuals. It helps to promote the Party's contradictory doctrines such as ''Freedom is slavery',' ''Ignorance is strength,'' and ''War is peace,'' thus further manipulating citizens into obedience. The Ministry of Truth, where Winston works, is also another example of government control. They alter the past and also eliminate any questions from people about what life was like before the government took total control so that they do not know of life better than the one they currently have. They control and change information that is available to the populace.
Technological Control: The phrase ''Big Brother is Watching You'' appears many times throughout the novel, and it is completely true. In dystopian novels, including 1984, governing leaders have secret, and not-so-secret, methods of tracking its citizens through surveillance. The Thought Police monitor both personal and political thoughts. There are telescreens that can receive sounds and images as well as microphones in people's homes and at their work. Even when Winston and Julia think they are alone, they are being tracked. The use of technology to continually monitor its citizens compels them into submission and forces obedience, thus keeping the ruling members of this dystopian society in complete control.
Loss of Individualism: Humans in the society of 1984 have been denied any sense of individualism. In addition to the propagandistic language, altering of the past, and continual surveillance, people are forbidden from keeping any diaries or journals or having any personal, particularly intimate relationships. Of course, Winston tries to exert some individuality by keeping a diary and engaging in a relationship with Julia.
With its citizens in conflict with each other, no trust of anyone, and in constant fear of the Party and Big Brother, the dystopian society of Oceania is the exact opposite of the good place the citizens are manipulated to believe it is.
Possibly the novel that set forth the ‘Orwellian’ genre was Animal Farm published in 1945 giving the adjective and a serious criticism for totalitarian societies as defined by Macmillan dictionary it is the literature “relating to a political system in which the government controls every aspect of people’s lives “.intending to achieve excellence in the literary style as he recalled in Why I Write “ Animal Farm was the first book in which I tried, with full consciousness of what I was doing, to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole”. The fable in which the livestock dethrone the farm owners and establish a regime initiated with egalitarian ideals but turned into a tyranny is a fictional but straightforward allegory painting the melancholic fate of the events that took place during the Russian revolution and the rise of Stalinism narrated through an accession of pigs into power. Davidson details the one chief source that inspired the novel: “Animal Farm originated (from Orwell's experience in Spain), and the incident that suggested its genre: the little boy driving ahuge cart-horse, which could easily overwhelm the child, had it realized its own strength” [6:125]. Davidson also remarks that the attacks against the Soviet Union and communism in a pre-cold war era has guaranteed the success of the fable in the United States and paved the way for the triumph of his final and most remembered work.
Like many of the canonical books that have been banned and challenged over the years, the controversial chef-d’œuvres that are Animal Farms, and Nineteen Eight Four have been inevitably at the center of criticism during all these past decades and beyond. The novels have been misapprehended and interpreted as anti-collectivist, anti–socialist attacks or a direct condemnation on the agenda of the British Labor Party; however, before his death, Orwell denied these speculations in a letter:
My recent novel is NOT intended as an attack on Socialism or on the British Labor Party (of which I am a supporter) but as a show-up of the perversions to which a centralized economy is liable and which have already been partly realized in Communism and Fascism…I believe also that totalitarian ideas have taken root in the minds of intellectuals everywhere, and I have tried to draw these ideas out to their logical consequences [19:502].
Considering the issues of the American audience using the novels as bait against the Party, Orwell responded: “I am afraid some of the US Republican papers have tried to use 1984 as propaganda against the Labor Party, but I have issued a sort of dementia which I hope will be printed.”
It is fairly to consider that Orwell’s works were not a mere attack on a particular political wing but a depiction of his political messages that were conditioned with his social milieu and written with the anticipation for an optimistic future for the ordinary life afar from excessive deviation of an economic system.
The 20th century was the bloodiest era in history. It has been the subject of endless perpetual wars either military slaughter or ideologically. Europe has been sandwiched between two great wars and preceded by a cold rivalry between supreme powers. This epoch witnessed various social, political and cultural disputes making way for countless writers to reprimand the dark forces that conjure up ethnic conflicts and imperial rivalry by reflecting them in their works.