Education, science and innovations of the republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages chair of english philology

Conclusion on Chapter I
On an average day, a lot of things can happen: people go to work. Kids study in school. Animals hunt for food. Friends talk to each other. All of these sentences express basic ideas about everyday events. However, we can also use sentences to express more complicated ideas: citizens can own property. People will chase their dreams to get what they want. Both our simple sentences and complex sentences have something in common: they all use verbs.
Verbs are very important in grammar, and we actually use many different types of verbs when we talk about what things do or how things are. Because they do so much for us, it is only fair that we take the time to learn a little more about verbs and some of the common types of verbs used in English.
When we write sentences or clauses, we need to include a verb. What is a verb? A verb is a word that we use to refer to actions (what things do) and states of being (how things are). For example, the words describe, eat, and rotate are verbs. As you are about to see, verbs come in a lot of different types that don’t all behave the same way. When using proper grammar, it is important that you use verbs correctly. So, we are going to explore the many different types of verbs that we use and how to successfully use them to create great, clear sentences.

CHAPTER II. GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE
2.1 .The grammatical categories of verbs, voices, mood, tense, number and others
Aspective verbal semantics expresses the inner character of the process denoted by the verb. It reflects the inherent method of the realization of the process irrespective of its timing. The category of aspect as a grammatical category shows the manner in which the action is either performed or represented: in English the category of aspect is based on the opposition of the continuous forms to non-continuous or infinite forms of the verb. The strong member of the opposition is the continuous form: the continuous form presents an action as a process which develops at a certain moment or a limited period of time; the indefinite form just names the action. This category has a verbid representation in the infinitive. Here it expresses the same contrast between action in progress and action non in progress: He may be sleeping. The gerund and the participle do not distinguish this category although there are traces of progressive meaning, esp. in the present participle: A boy doing his homework.
The category of aspect is a category which has been disputed for a long time. Originally the category was identified on slavonic material. In slavonic languages the category of aspect is lexical grammatical because the difference is not purely formal: in order to form an aspective verb you should add a prefix thus changing the meaning of the verb. [17,500]
Some linguists who do not find any aspective meaning in the indefinite form consider the continuous form to be one of the tense forms, which marks an action as simultaneous to some other action or time.
As a rule the continuous form is not used with non-term verbs because they denote a state, however there are numerous instances of the use of the continuous form with non-term verbs: the two main semes of the continuous form are the activity of the process and the temporary character of it if the continuous form is used with a non-term verb it is either change in the meaning of the verb which comes to denote an activity (a semantic change) (Im thinking of him = I think, youre right) or if the continuous form is used with a quality in this case the dominant seme is the temporary character of the state (Youre being silly!).
The Category of Person and Number
The categories of person and number are closely connected with each other because of the situational semantics referring the process to the subject of the situation that is to its central substance which exists in inseparable unity of quality and quantity. Secondly they are immediately related to the subject. Both categories are different from the other categories of the finite verb as they do not convey any inherently verbal semantics, the nature of both of them is purely reflective. These two categories are purely formal: they formally mark the relationship between the action and the doer (the recipient) of the action.
In the present tense the expression of the category of person is divided into three peculiar subsystems. The first subsystem includes the modal verbs that have no personal inflexions; the category of person is neutralized with can, may and etc. The second subsystem is made up by the unique verbal lexeme be. It has 3 supplitive personal forms. The third subsystem presents the regular, normal expression of person with the remaining multitude of the English verbs.
The category of number can be seen with the archaic forms of the unique be, both in the present tense and in the past. The opposition of the category consists in the unmarked plural form for all the persons being contrasted against the marked singular form for each separate person, each singular person thereby being distinguished by its own, specific form.
In Russian subject predicate agreement is purely formal: if the subject is in the plural the predicate is also in the plural and vice versa. In English we should consider several factors:
formal agreement: the table is / the tables are;
the semantic factor (the meaning of the subject and its structure):
nouns of multitude (the agreement is purely semantic): people, police, cattle are used in plural if they denote a multitude and in singular if they are collective nouns:[3,101]
The family was united on this question. The enemy is suing for peace.
My family are always fighting among themselves. The enemy were showing up in groups of three or four to turn in their weapons. The government have not announced a new policy. The team are playing in the test matches next week. The subject is expressed by a group of nouns, which form a single idea, unit:
The Tense
The expression of all grammatical tense is one of the typical functions of the verb as the meaning of process finds complete realization only if presented in certain time conditions. Thats why the expression or non-expression of tense of grammatical time together with the mood form constitutes the basis of the verbal category of finitude.
Time denotations can be absolutely and non-absolutely: absolutely names of time: now, last week. These expressions give a temporal characteristic of an event in reference to the present; the non-absolute time denotation can be either relative or factual. Relative expression of time correlates two or more events showing them either preceding the other or following the other or happening at one at the same time. The factual expression of time either states the astronomical time of an event or conveys its meaning in terms of historical landmarks: “under Eltsin”. Two temporal categories are recognized in modern English. Both of them answer the question: what is the timing of the process?
The category of primary time provides for the absolute expression of the time of the process denoted by the verb. The formal sign of the opposition is with regular verbs, suffix ed and with irregular verbs, phonemic change. The suffix marks the verbal form of the past time leaving the opposite form unmarked. An additional reason for identifying the verbal past present time system as a separate grammatical category is provided by the fact that this system is specifically marked by the do forms of the indefinite aspect.
The category of prospective time.
The contrast which underlines this category is between an after-action and non-after action. Future is the marked member of this opposition. The category of prospect is different in principal from the category of primary time while the primary time is present oriented, the prospective time is purely relative. The future form of the verb shows that the denoted process is prospected as an after-action relative to some of the action or state or event, the timing of which marks the zero level for it.
A certain modal colouring of the English Future cant be denied, especially in the verbal form of the first person. The future of the English word is highly specific as its auxiliary are verbs of obligation and volition. In some modal uses of the verb shall and will, the idea of the future is not expressed at all. Within the system of the English future tense peculiar minor category is expressed which effects only the forms of the 1st person It is constituted by the oppositions of the forms will, shall + inf. expressing voluntary or non-voluntary future. And it may be called the category of futurity option. This category is neutralized in the contracted form.[21,107]
The oppositional basis of the category of prospective time is neutralized in certain uses and the process of neutralization is connected with the shiften of the forms of primary time (present and past) into the sphere of relative tenses: The government meets an emergency session today. This kind of neutralizing is oppositional reduction.
Category of mood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality either presenting the process as affect that happened, happens or will happen or treating it as an imaginary phenomenon. The general meaning of the category is the degree of the reality of the action. The functional opposition underlining this category is expressed in oblique mood meaning contrasted against the forms of direct mood meaning. [5,170]
The Indefinite Mood is the only real mood in the English language. It represents an action as a real fact. The forms of the indefinite Mood are the tense-aspect forms of the verb.
The two non-fact (oblique) Moods in English are the Imperative Mood and the Subjunctive Mood.
The Subjunctive Mood represents an action as unreal expressing two degrees of reality: not quite real (Present, Future), quite unreal (for the Past).
Subjunctive signifies different attitude towards the process denoted by the verb, namely desire, suppositional, recommendation, and suggestion.
There are modal spective (subjunctive) mood forms:
1) the combination with may, might is used to express wish or desire, hope: May success attend you!
2) the combination should + infinitive is used in a various subordinate predicative units to express supposition, speculation, suggestion and recommendation: What ever they should say of the project that must be considered seriously.
3) the combination let + objective subjunctive + infinitive is used to express an appeal to commit an action in relation to all the persons: Lets go back.
The subjunctive, the integral mood of unreality, presents the two sets of forms according to the structural division of verbal tenses into the present and the past: I suggest that he should continue. These form sets constitute the two corresponding functional systems of the subjunctive:
the spective, the mood of attitudes;
the conditional.
The imperative mood
Imperative mood is mood that signals directive modality, especially in commands. Its use may be extended to signal permission. The imperative mood is used to demand or require that an action be performed. It is usually found only in the present tense, second person. To form the imperative mood, we use the base form of the verb (Heat the water to 65°C before adding the sample). An imperative verb is typically not inflected for most of the grammatical categories associated with verbs in a language, especially tense and person. Its easy to see that the verbal imperative morphemically coincides with the subjunctive. The semantics of the imperative is similar to the subjunctive too: Go there or You should go there.
The imperative mood is very powerful. It is often appropriate to use the imperative mood when giving instructions. However, in other types of documents, such as letters, procedures, or recommendations, the bare imperative may be too strong. To tone down the effect of the imperative, you can use "politeness" words, such as please, or rephrase in the indicative with an auxiliary verb such as would. [12,271]
e.g. Send the relevant documents to us as soon as possible. [This imperative might be received by some readers as being too direct, and thus, impolite.]
Would you please send the relevant documents to us as soon as possible? [This request is more polite than the previous one.]
The Category of Voice
The verbal category of voice shows the direction of the process regarding the participants of the situation. It is expressed by the opposition of the passive form of the verb (strong member) to the active form of the verb. The passive form expresses reception of the action by the subject of the syntactic construction. The category of voice (which is found both with finite and non-finite forms) is one of the most formal grammatical categories, because this category doesnt reflect any fragment of reality its a way of describing a certain fragment of reality. The category of voice deals with the participants of a happening (doer, action, object) and how they are represented in the sentence (subject, predicate, object). The Active Voice shows that the grammatical subject of the sentence or the subjectival is the doer of the action, denoted by the verb, the Passive Voice shows that the subject or the subjectival is an object of the action. [16,234]
The frequency of occurrence of the English Passive Voice is very great, greater than in Russian. One of the reasons is that the number of verbs capable of forming the Passive Voice is greater in English than in Russian. In many languages passive voiced is expressed only by transitive verbs, in English – by any object verb.
The category of retrospective coordination is an independent category which is semantically intermediate between aspective and temporal. It interpreted the action in the light of priority and aspective transmission. The perfect form presents an action as prior to some other action and is the strong member of the opposition. The non-perfect form denotes either a simultaneous or a posterior action or even priority (I remember seeing you).[18,28]