Effects of growing leafy daikon (Raphanus sativus) on populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot)
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Plant Pathology - 2001 - Murakami - Effects of growing leafy daikon Raphanus sativus on populations of Plasmodiophora
Effects of growing leafy daikon (Raphanus sativus) on populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot) H. Murakami a *², S. Tsushima a , T. Akimoto a , K. Murakami b , I. Goto b and Y. Shishido a a Department of Integrated Research for Agriculture, Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Harajuku-minami 50, Arai, Fukushima 960-2156, and b Faculty of Applied Bio Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuraoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan Control of some soilborne pathogens may be achieved by use of decoy or catch crops. These stimulate the germination of resting spores, resulting in limited expression of disease symptoms. Results achieved using this approach are reported here using leafy daikon (radish, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) for control of Plasmodiophora brassicae, the cause of clubroot disease of Brassicaceae. Disease indices of Chinese cabbage plants grown in pots that had previously contained leafy daikon were lower compared with pots where no plants had been grown before (control pots). Numbers of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil in pots after cultivation with leafy daikon were reduced by 71% compared with control pots when resting spores were recovered and counted directly. In a field experiment, numbers of resting spores were reduced by 94% compared with the start of the experiment when leafy daikon was grown in advance of Chinese cabbage, but there was no reduction in disease severity in the Chinese cabbage. Plasmodiophora brassicae infected the root hairs of leafy daikon and those of Chinese cabbage, but no clubs were found on leafy daikon roots. The results from pot trials indicate that leafy daikon may be useful as a decoy crop for the control of clubroot disease in field crops. Keywords: decoy plant, disease severity, fluorescence microscopy, spore germination Introduction Brassica crops such as Chinese cabbage (B. rapa var. pekinensis) and cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata) are cropped continuously in Japan to exploit the limited land available and their high financial returns. Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) causes serious losses in yield, especially in continuous monocultures. Currently, disease control is achieved by the use of fungicides. Concern regarding environmental pollution resulting from agrochemicals requires that alternative control strategies, possibly integrating chemical control with husbandry techniques, are developed. Planting nonhost or resistant crops such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa), radish (a root type of daikon, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) and carrot (Dau- cus carota), in advance of susceptible ones reportedly reduced clubroot disease (Macfarlane, 1952; Kroll et al., 1984; Ikegami, 1985). The satisfactory association of such strategies with reductions of resting spore popula- tions in soil has not been achieved. Yamagishi et al. (1986), suggested that resistant crucifers might reduce numbers of resting spores of P. brassicae, but this resulted from an indirect estimation of resting spore numbers using a dose±response curve obtained from artificial inoculation tests. Edible radish (daikon) is grown in Japan either as a root type with thickened tap roots, or as a leafy type with fibrous roots. The objective of the research reported here was to determine the effects of leafy daikon on the numbers of resting spores when cultivated in advance of susceptible brassicas such as Chinese cabbage, and on their resultant disease indices. Materials and methods Soil Haplic Andosol soil (Anonymous, 1995) was collected from land known to be free from infestation by P. brassicae at Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station (TNAES), Fukushima, Japan. Before use all soil samples were passed through 5 mm mesh sieves. Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil were analysed using standard methods (Anonymous, 1986) (Table 1). Plant Pathology (2000) 49, 584±589 584 Q2000 BSPP *To whom correspondence should be addressed. ²E-mail: hmura@fk.affrc.go.jp Accepted 30 May 2000. Extraction and inoculation with resting spores of P. brassicae Resting spores of P. brassicae were extracted from clubbed roots of Chinese cabbage grown in infested fields at TNAES. Resting spores were extracted using the method of Takahashi & Yamaguchi (1987), sprayed onto the soil surface, and blended thoroughly using a mixer. Plant husbandry Thirteen seeds of leafy daikon (R. sativus var. long- ipinnatus, breeding line CR-1) or Chinese cabbage (B. rapa var. pekinensis, cv. Shin-Azuma) were sown into pots (115 mm diameter, 110 mm high) for the first plantings. Chinese cabbage (cv. Shin-Azuma) was used as the second planting. All plants were grown in the greenhouse, average temperature 238C, min. 158C, max. 358C; natural light without additional lighting; photoperiod 10±14 h. Four replicate pots constituted a treatment plot and were placed into a container (330 £ 330 mm, 99 mm high) ensuring that cross-contamination was avoided between plots. Water or nutrients (N, 20%; P, 12%; K, 16%) were applied through the base of each pot from the container as required. The soil temperature in pots was maintained at $ 258C by placing them on a thermostatically controlled mat. Measurement of disease index Roots of each Chinese cabbage plant were removed and disease severity was determined. Disease severity was classified into categories 0±3 where 0 not clubbed; 1 lateral roots only clubbed; 2 ,50% tap root clubbed; 3 $ 50% tap root clubbed. The disease index of each pot was calculated by a modification of the method of Dixon & Robinson (1986) as follows: Disease index 1 £ n 1 1 2 £ n 2 1 3 £ n 3 / 3 £ N £ 100 where N is the total number of plants, and n 123 the number of plants classified as categories 1±3, respectively. Disease indices were examined statistically using Tukey's multiple range test (Sokal & Rohlf, 1995). Experiment 1: influence of leafy daikon on disease development in subsequent plants Leafy daikon or alternatively Chinese cabbage were cultivated for 5 weeks in soil that had been spray- inoculated with 10 4 resting spores of P. brassicae g 21 . The resultant roots were mixed into the soil and allowed to decompose for a further 4 weeks. Chinese cabbage plants were sown as the succeeding plant, grown for 5 weeks, and then assessed for clubroot development. Experiment 2: influence of leafy daikon on disease severity using several concentrations of inoculum Leafy daikon or alternatively Chinese cabbage were grown for 5 weeks in soil samples which had been spray-inoculated separately with resting spores at 10 4 , 10 5 or 10 6 g 21 . The resultant roots of leafy daikon were mixed into the soil and allowed to decompose for 4 weeks, whereas all clubbed roots of Chinese cabbage were removed from the soil. Chinese cabbage seeds were then sown and grown in the soil for 5 weeks, and the disease index determined. The number of resting spores was determined in those soil samples artificially infested with 10 6 resting spores g 21 after initial cultivation with either leafy daikon or Chinese cabbage. Determination of resting spore number of P. brassicae Each soil sample (20 g) was mixed with 400 mL distilled water containing 0´2% sodium hexametapho- sphate, and mechanically shaken vigorously for 1 min. The suspension was adjusted to pH 10´0 with 1 m sodium hydroxide and sonicated for 5 min (Silent Sonic UT-205, Sharp Co., Osaka, Japan; 200 W). The pH after sonication was readjusted to 9´0 by addition of sodium hydroxide and the sample mechanically shaken vigorously for 1 min. The resultant suspension (40 mL) was passed through a 38 mm mesh, resuspended in distilled water, and made up to 100 mL final volume. The final soil suspension was mixed with an equal volume of 0´02% calcofluor white M2R solution for staining (Takahashi & Yamaguchi, 1987). Numbers of resting spores were determined using fluorescence microscopy with differential phase contrast (Fig. 1a). Experiment 3: root hair infection in leafy daikon Leafy daikon or Chinese cabbage plants were cultivated Table 1. Physical and chemical charateristics of Haplic Andosol soil collected from Fukushima, Japan Total carbon 4.37 % Total nitrogen 0.28 % C/N 15.54 ratio Organic matter content 7.52 % Maximum moisture holding capacity 68.1 % Hydraulic conductivity 2.05 £ 10 23 cm s 21 pH (H 2 O) 6.01 Electric conductivity 0.04 mS cm 21 Cation exchange capacity 26.83 mequiv 100g 21 dry soil Nitrate-nitrogen 1.70 mg 100g 21 dry soil Phosphate (Bray No.2) 14.97 mg 100g 21 dry soil Exchangeable base (extraction with N KCI) K 1 0.29 mequiv 100g 21 dry soil Ca 21 8.09 mequiv 100g 21 dry soil Mg 21 2.92 mequiv 100g 21 dry soil Na 1 0.05 mequiv 100g 21 dry soil Aluminium 1.09 mg 100g 21 dry soil Phosphate absorption capacity 1821 mg P 2 O 5 100g 21 dry soil 585 Daikon as a decoy for clubroot Q 2000 BSPP Plant Pathology (2000) 49, 584±589 13653059, 2000, 5, Downloaded from https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00495.x by Uzbekistan Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [03/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License for 1 week at 238C using soil inoculated with 10 7 g 21 resting spores of P. brassicae. Subsequent root-hair infection was investigated microscopically. Root-hair infection was estimated as a percentage of root hairs containing zoosporangia in sections cut 2±3 cm from the hypocotyl and stained using previously published meth- ods (Samuel & Garrett, 1944; Channon et al., 1964). Experiment 4: reduction of resting spore numbers of P. brassicae in the field An infested field at TNAES was divided into small plots (1´6 £ 7´5 m) with triple replication. Each plot received fertilizers at planting (N, 60; P 2 O 5 , 150; K 2 O, 60 kg ha 21 ). Leafy daikon was sown at a rate of 75 mL seeds per plot in April 1996 and grown for 8 weeks. Then plants were ploughed into the soil and allowed to decompose for 6 weeks. Untreated control plots were not planted. Two soil samples were collected from each treatment plot, and the number of resting spores in the soil was counted as above. Each soil sample consisted of five subsamples. The first subsample was collected from a given point in the plot (depth 0±10 cm), then the other four subsamples were collected from points 50 cm distant in four directions (north, south, east, west) from the first point. The five subsamples were then mixed thoroughly in a plastic bag and kept at 48C before use. Subsequently, Chinese cabbage was sown in the field with an 80 cm row spacing and 30 cm intervals between plants during August 1996. Fertilizers (N, 200; P 2 O 5 , 250; K 2 O, 200 kg ha 21 ) were applied on sowing, and plants were grown for 8 weeks until disease severity was measured. Results Experiment 1 When leafy daikon was grown as the first plant no symptoms were present on the roots, whereas the Chinese cabbage seedlings were clubbed (Table 2). When Chinese cabbage was grown in infested soil that had previously contained no plants (control), disease indices were almost 100, whereas for Chinese cabbage grown in soil that had previously contained Fig. 1 (a). Resting spores of Plasmodio- phora brassicae in soil suspension shown as fluorescent images with differential phase contrast. (b). Zoosporangia of P. brassicae in a root hair of leafy daikon. Bar, 10 mm. 586 H. Murakami et al. Q 2000 BSPP Plant Pathology (2000) 49, 584±589 13653059, 2000, 5, Downloaded from https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00495.x by Uzbekistan Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [03/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License leafy daikon, the disease index was reduced by <80% compared with the control. On the other hand, the second planting of Chinese cabbage in pots that had previously contained Chinese cabbage showed a high disease index (81), as clubbed roots had been mixed into the soil. Experiment 2 The disease indices calculated for the Chinese cabbage planted initially increased according to concentration of inoculum (18, 56 and 69 at 10 4 , 10 5 and 10 6 resting spores g 21 , respectively). Leafy daikon was not clubbed even when exposed to high inoculum concentrations, and hence the disease index was zero. Disease indices of Chinese cabbage grown after leafy daikon were reduced by 86, 37 and 21% compared with control pots at 10 4 , 10 5 and 10 6 sporesg 21 soil, respectively (Fig. 2). The effect of a first planting with leafy daikon on disease indices of subsequent Chinese cabbage decreased as the concentration of resting spores in soil increased. Disease indices in Chinese cabbage grown in pots where the clubbed roots had been removed were reduced by 88, 54 and 11% compared with control pots at 10 4 , 10 5 and 10 6 resting spores g 21 soil, respectively. The numbers of resting spores g 21 soil after initial cultivation were 18´8 £ 10 4 in control pots, 5´4 £ 10 4 in leafy daikon pots and 4´2 £ 10 4 in Chinese cabbage pots (Fig. 2). A reduction of approximately 71% in the number of resting spores of P. brassicae in leafy daikon pots was achieved following cultivation and decomposi- tion for 5 and 4 weeks, respectively. In Chinese cabbage pots, resting spore numbers were also reduced by 78% by the removal of their clubbed roots from pots. Experiment 3 Root hairs of both leafy daikon and Chinese cabbage Fig. 2 Effects of leafy daikon as the initial plant on the subsequent disease indices of pot-grown Chinese cabbage grown as a second plant at several concentrations of inoculum, and on the numbers of resting spores in soil (initial inoculum concentration 10 6 g 21 soil). Bars, SE. Means with the same superscript were not significantly different (P , 0´05) according to Tukey's multiple range test at each inoculum concentration. Control treatment, no initial planting. Table 2. Influence of leafy daikon as a decoy plant on clubroot development on first and second plantings of Chinese cabbage Disease index Treatments First planting Second planting Chinese cabbage Control* 93.5 ^ 1.6a** Leafy daikon 0.0 ^ 0.0 18.7 ^ 5.2b Chinese cabbage 99.0 ^ 0.9 80.6 ^ 6.1a Data show mean ^ S.E. *: Control is the treatment without initial planting **: Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P , 0.05) according to Tukey's multiple range test. 587 Daikon as a decoy for clubroot Q 2000 BSPP Plant Pathology (2000) 49, 584±589 13653059, 2000, 5, Downloaded from https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00495.x by Uzbekistan Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [03/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License were infected, and zoosporangia were formed by P. brassicae (Fig. 1b). The percentage of infected root hairs was 1´3% (SE 0´2) for leafy daikon and 2´7% (SE 1´1) for Chinese cabbage. Further developmental stages of P. brassicae and subsequent clubbing on the roots of leafy daikon were not observed. Experiment 4 The number of resting spores was reduced by 94% compared to the start of the experiment (7´4 £ 10 5 ) following cultivation of leafy daikon (0´4 £ 10 5) . In control plots the number of resting spores in soil was slightly reduced to 3´4 £ 10 5 (Fig. 3), but this was not significant. There was no reduction in disease index of Chinese cabbage grown after initial plantings of leafy daikon in this field experiment. Discussion Macfarlane (1952) investigated decoy plants using counts of root-hair infection in secondary crops of cabbage. He showed that root-hair infections in cabbage seedlings were lower where crucifers or ryegrass had been previously grown, compared with the effects of other noncrucifers. Kroll et al. (1984) reported that colonization and club formation were significantly reduced when susceptible and resistant radish cultivars were grown together, in comparison with treatments using only susceptible plants. Subse- quently, Ikegami (1985) showed that fallowing soil and use of the root type of daikon were most effective in reducing clubroot. Sowing of green soybean (Glycine max), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacia oler- acea), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and carrot (Daucus carota) were also associated with decreased clubroot disease indices of succeeding plantings of susceptible brassicas. In soil heavily infested with P. brassicae, however, repeated cropping with daikon was necessary to achieve a decreased disease index. Yamagishi et al. (1986) suggested that resistant cruciferous plants reduced the numbers of residual resting spores after continuous cultivation for 4 years. However, the satisfactory association of such strategies with a reduction of resting spore populations in soil has not been achieved. In the research reported here, the reduction of resting spore numbers associated with soil planted with leafy daikon was determined by direct counting using fluorescence microscopy. Planting leafy daikon reduced the numbers of resting spores in soil by 71% compared to uncropped control pots. Root hairs of leafy daikon became infected but without further symptom develop- ment, confirming previous work (Ikegami, 1992), resulting in fewer resting spores being returned to the Fig. 3 Effects of leafy daikon as the initial plant on the subsequent disease indices of Chinese cabbage grown as a second plant in the field, and on the numbers of resting spores in soil. Bars, SE. Means with the same superscript were not significantly different (P , 0´05) according to Tukey's multiple range test. Control treatment, no initial planting. 588 H. Murakami et al. Q 2000 BSPP Plant Pathology (2000) 49, 584±589 13653059, 2000, 5, Downloaded from https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00495.x by Uzbekistan Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [03/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License soil, and subsequently a reduction of disease develop- ment in susceptible plants. Results showed that leafy daikon functioned as a decoy plant as defined by Macfarlane (1952) when used in crop rotations. Disease reduction by initial cultivation of leafy daikon was less in soil with a high inoculum concentra- tion compared with soil having a lower concentration of resting spores of P. brassicae. Previously Voorrips (1996) showed that the relationship between resting spore numbers in soil and disease indices followed a sigmoid dose±response curve. Such a response in this study indicates that even if the rate of reduction in resting spore numbers by planting leafy daikon is similar at all inoculum concentrations, the decline in disease index would be less at high inoculum concen- trations compared with lower ones. The finding that leafy daikon planted into a heavily infested field reduced resting spore numbers, but failed to decrease disease severity of Chinese cabbage, may support this hypothesis. Thus the assessment of resting spore concentrations and development of dose±response curves in field situations are prerequisites for the effective use of decoy cropping for control of P. brassicae. Since leafy daikon does not develop clubs, it can be ploughed into the soil following use as a decoy crop. Numbers of resting spores per field may be expected to decline after use of fibrous-rooted leafy daikon com- pared with the root-type brassicas, because it is sown at higher densities. The results reported here demonstrate that leafy daikon could be used as an initial decoy plant to reduce resting spore numbers in soil, and may decrease subsequent clubroot disease. Acknowledgements We thank Dr T. Kanno (National Research Institute of Vegetables, Ornamental Plants and Tea, Japan) for valuable suggestions during the work and Dr N. Matsumoto (National Institute of Agro-Environmental Science, Japan) for reading the manuscript critically. References Anonymous, 1986. Standard Methods for Measurement and Analysis of Soil. Tokyo: Hakuyusha. Anonymous, 1995. Classification of Cultivated Soils in Japan. Third Approximation. Miscellaneous publication No. 17. Tsukuba Japan: National Institute of Agro-environmental Sciences. Channon AG, Flint AE, Hilton RAL, 1964. A quantitative laboratory method for inoculating cabbage seedlings with Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. Annals of Applied Biol- ogy 54, 71±6. Dixon GR, Robinson DL, 1986. The susceptibility of Brassica oleracea cultivars to Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot). Plant Pathology 35, 101±7. Ikegami H, 1985. Decrease of clubroot fungus by cultivation of different crops in heavily infested soil. Research Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University 50, 19±32. Ikegami H, 1992. Ecology of Plasmodiophora brassicae and control of clubroot disease. Soil Microorganisms 39, 1±10. Kroll TK, Moore LD, Lacy GH, 1984. Interplanting suscep- tible and resistant radish cultivars reduces colonization by Plasmodiophora brassicae. HortScience 19, 403±4. Macfarlane I, 1952. Factors affecting the survival of Plasmo- diophora brassicae Wor. in the soil and its assessment by a host test. Annals of Applied Biology 39, 239±56. Samuel G, Garrett SD, 1944. The infected root-hair count for estimating the activity of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. in the soil. Annals of Applied Biology 32, 96±101. Sokal RR, Rohlf FJ, 1995. Biometry. 3rd edn. New York: Freeman, 247±52. Takahashi K, Yamaguchi T, 1987. An improved method for estimating the number of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 53, 507±15. Voorrips RE, 1996. A one-hit model for the infection of clubroot-susceptible cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capi- tata) by Plasmodiophora brassicae at various inoculum densities. European Journal of Plant Pathology 102, 109± 14. Yamagishi H, Yoshikawa H, Ashizawa M, Hida K, Yui S, 1986. Effects of resistant plants as a catch crop on the reduction of resting spores of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron.) in soil. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science 54, 460±6. 589 Daikon as a decoy for clubroot Q 2000 BSPP Plant Pathology (2000) 49, 584±589 13653059, 2000, 5, Downloaded from https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00495.x by Uzbekistan Hinari NPL, Wiley Online Library on [03/04/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License Download 420,49 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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