Lexical stylistic device is such a type of denoting phenomena that serves to create additional expressive, evaluative, subjective connotations. In fact we deal with the intended substitution of the existing names approved by long usage and fixed in dictionaries, prompted by the speaker’s subjective original view and evaluation of things. Each type of intended substitution results in a stylistic device called also a trope.
This act of substitution is referred to transference – the name of one object is transferred onto another, proceeding from their similarity (of shape, color, function, etc.) or closeness (of material existence, cause/effect, instrument/result, part/whole relations, etc.).
Lexical SDs based on the similarity.
Simile (imaginative comparison).
Metaphor:genuine metaphors, trite metaphors (hashed), or dead metaphors, simple, sustained.
Metonymy.
Epithet (being affective (or emotive proper),figurative, or transferred, Two-step epithets, Phrase-epithets, Inverted epithets)
Antonomasia.
LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES BASED ON CONTRAST
Oxymoron
Zeugma
The Pun
Irony
LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES BASED ON PROXIMITY
Periphrasis
Euphemism a direct, unpleasant statement is replaced by an indirect, more pleasant one to avoid bluntness. Ex.: to put an animal to sleep (instead of: to kill it because it is ill, merry = drunk, correctional institution = prison)
Hyperbole
Understatement
Simile, metaphor, personification
Simile (imaginative comparison). The intensification of some features of the concept in question is realized in a device called simile. Simile must not be confused with ordinary comparison. They represent two diverse processes. Comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference. To use simile is to characterize one object by bringing it into contact with another object belonging to an entirely different class of things. Comparison takes into consideration all the properties of the two objects, stressing the one that is compared. Simile excludes all the properties of the two objects except one which is made common to them. E. g. 'The boy seems to be as clever as his mother.
It is ordinary comparison. 'Boy' and 'Mother' belong to the same class of “objects“- human beings - and only one quality is being stressed to find the resemblance.
E.g. 'Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare,' It is simile.
Similes have formal elements in their structure: connective words such as like, as, such as, as if, as though, than; verbs: to resemble, to remind one of, to seem; verbal phrases to bear the resemblance, to have a look of, adverbial phrases like with the air of, with the grace of, with the caution of.
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