Экзамен по стилистике Stylistics as a science and style as a main stylistic category

Metonymy is a deliberate use of words in two meanings: the dictionary and contextual meanings.
The basis for it is not the similarity of notions but associations (logical or physical relations between phenomena) that connect notion.
The most common types of possible associations which metonymy is based on are: 1. A part for the whole, known as synecdoche [sɪ'nekdəkɪ]: new faces at the meeting, a fleet of fifty sails;
2. A symbol for a thing nominated: brown shirts = Nazi;
3. The container instead of the thing contained: E. g. "The hall applauded.", the kettle has boiled.
4. The material for the thing made of it: E. g. glasses.
5. The author for his works: to read Byron
6. The instrument which the doer uses in performing the action instead of the action or the doer himself: E. g. "as the sword (меч) is the worst argument that can be used, so should it be the last.", pen knows no compromise, you’re a good whip
7. The relation of proximity: E. g. "The round game table was boisterous (возбужденный) and happy."


Antonomasia, periphrasis and hyperbole
Antonomasia. The interplay between logical and nominal meanings of a word is called antonomasia. As in other stylistic devices based on the interaction of lexical meanings, the two kinds of meanings must be realized in the word simultaneously.
Antonomasia is the use of a proper name instead of common noun or vice-versa. It can be metaphorical when based on similarity.
Ex. Her mother is perfectly unbearable, never met such a Gorgon. I don’t really know what a Gorgon is like, but I’m quite sure that lady Brecknell is one. In any case, she is a monster without being a myth.
Every Ceaser has its Brutus.
He is the Byron of our days.
Antonomasia can be metonymical when based on some association between a name & a referent, the reverse process when the common noun is used as a proper name can be illustrated by the example:
Ex. Mister Know all; “I wish to speak to you, John”, - said the family Curse. – “I’m greatly upset”.
Miss Simplicity, Mr. Proud, Mr. Fair-play
The main function of antonomasia is to characterize a person simultaneously with naming him/her. In this function antonomasia can be likened t epithets pointing out a most characteristic feature of a person. When employed in this function it is sometimes called “a tell-tale” or “a speaking name”.
It is very important to note that this stylistic device is mainly realized in the written language, because sometimes capital letters are the only signals of the stylistic device. But there is another point that should be mentioned. Most proper names are built in some law of analogy. Many of them end in “-son” (as Johnson) or “-er” (as Fletcher). We easily recognize such words as Smith, White, Brown, Green, Fowler and others as proper names. But such names as: Miss Blue-Eyes or Scrooge or Mr. Zero may be called token (символический) names. They give information to the reader about the bearer of the name.
Antonomasia is intended to point out the leading, most characteristic feature or event, at the same time pinning this leading trait as a proper name to the person or event concerned. Antonomasia is much favored device in the belles-lettres style.