Energy Efficiency of Electric Vehicles
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InTech-Energy efficiency of electric vehicles1
4. Additional energy in EV
4.1. Solar cells Today, world recognizes the synergy between solar panels and electric cars. As the matter a fact there are several car companies that plan to install solar panels in their newer hybrid vehicles. The most important question for most of these manufacturers is: how much extra power will a solar roof panel actually provide? It's very difficult to generate enough power to move a vehicle with energy from the sun's light. So, solar panels at the moment don't have that much of an impact on a hybrid and electric car's efficiency. Solar panels are also made out of silicon, which is too expensive for automakers to use as a viable source [34]. However, there are companies such as Toyota, one of the pioneers in this field, which uses the solar roof panel. Constant technology development will provide better conditions in years that follow for this option. Nowadays, roof panel will power at least part of the hybrid Toyota Prius' air-conditioning unit. Smaller, less power-hungry systems seem to work better with solar power [34]. The most common type of solar panel uses single- or multi-crystalline silicon wafers. Creating the silicon crystal is by far the most energy intensive part of the process, followed by various and sundry manufacturing steps, such as cutting the silicon into wafers, turning the wafers into cells and assembling the cells into modules [35]. The today’s electric vehicles consume about 150 watt-hours per kilometer. If the average distance per day is 50 km, then it would be 18,250 kilometers per year. For this calculated consumption, electric vehicle would need to generate 2.75 MWh/year. By this math, mono‐ crystalline solar panels generate about 263 kWh/m 2 per year in the USA. Therefore, about 10.5 square meters of solar panels to completely offset the energy consumed by today’s electric vehicles [35]. The only practical place to put panels on the Roadster is the roof (about 1 square meter). Ideally, this would then generate 263 kWh/year. However, the Roadster won’t always be in the sun, and it won’t be at its ideal angle. A 60% de-rating would be generous to account for shade and suboptimal angles, so the panel would generate about 150 kWh/year – driving the car an additional 3 kilometers per day [35]. However, there is possibility to put solar cells on the other part of the vehicle’s surface. The surface from the vehicle’s nose, across the hoods, and all the way to the roof can be used for solar cells as presented in figure 13. Also, technology development will without a doubt make progress in increasing solar energy efficiency. New Generation of Electric Vehicles 112 |
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